{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T15:39:40Z","timestamp":1769269180464,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To test the effects of computed tomography (CT) image plane and window settings on diagnostic certainty for CT characteristics associated with dysplastic elbow joints (elbow joint dysplasia) in dogs and to provide optimal display guidelines for these CT characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Sample Population<\/jats:bold>\u2014CT images of 50 dysplastic elbow joints from 49 lame dogs and 10 elbow joints from 5 sound dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014CT image data were obtained in transverse, sagittal, and dorsal planes. Each plane was examined by use of 3 Hounsfield unit (HU) window settings. Two veterinary radiologists independently evaluated sets of CT images for evidence of 7 CT characteristics. Effect of elbow joint status, image plane, and window settings on diagnostic certainty for these CT characteristics was tested by use of a visual analogue scale.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Diagnostic certainty for abnormalities of the medial coronoid process (MCP) and radial incisure was highest in the transverse plane, subchondral defects or sclerosis of the trochlea humeri was highest in the dorsal plane, and joint incongruity was highest in the sagittal plane. Certainty for hypoattenuating subchondral defects or fissures was highest at 2,500 or 3,500 HUs, whereas certainty for subchondral sclerosis was highest at 1,500 HUs and lowest at 3,500 HUs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Diagnostic certainty for CT characteristics of elbow joint dysplasia in dogs was affected by image display variables. Diagnostic certainty for altered subchondral bone density was primarily influenced by window settings, whereas structural MCP abnormalities and joint incongruity were influenced most by image plane.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.8.858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,1]],"date-time":"2007-08-01T17:54:21Z","timestamp":1185990861000},"page":"858-871","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Effect of computed tomography display window and image plane on diagnostic certainty for characteristics of dysplastic elbow joints in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Tonya C.","family":"Tromblee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeryl C.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne M.","family":"Bahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter K.","family":"Shires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Aref","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1082","article-title":"Redefined type of elbow dysplasia involving calcified flexor tendons attached to the medial humeral epicondyle in three dogs","volume":"194","author":"Zontine","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"573","article-title":"A redefined type of elbow dysplasia in the dog\u20142 cases","volume":"39","author":"Walker","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Textbook of small animal surgery","first-page":"1966","article-title":"Elbow dysplasia","author":"Wind","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(98)50004-6","article-title":"Fragmented medial coronoid process of the ulna in the dog","volume":"28","author":"Boulay","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(00)50021-7","article-title":"Canine elbow dysplasia. The early radiographic detection of fragmentation of the coronoid process","volume":"30","author":"Hornof","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v69i2.814","article-title":"Elbow dysplasia in the dog: pathophysiology, diagnosis and control","volume":"69","author":"Kirberger","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"616","article-title":"The early diagnosis of fragmented coronoid process and osteochondritis dissicans of the canine elbow joint","volume":"19","author":"Olsson","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1990.tb00823.x","article-title":"Fragmentation of the medial coronoid process of the ulna in dogs: a study of 109 cases","volume":"31","author":"Read","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"796","article-title":"Osteochondritis dissecans in the dog: diagnosis and therapy","volume":"175","author":"Berzon","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Nord Vet Med","first-page":"1","article-title":"Arthrosis in the elbow joint of young rapidly growing dogs. V. A pathoanatomical investigation","volume":"33","author":"Grondalen","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Med","first-page":"132","article-title":"Identifying and treating the primary manifestations of osteochondrosis of the elbow","volume":"88","author":"Fox","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Rofo","first-page":"671","article-title":"Computerized tomography of the elbow joint","volume":"143","author":"Burmester","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Radiologe","first-page":"106","article-title":"CT diagnosis of the elbow joint","volume":"30","author":"Zwaan","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01465.x","article-title":"Computed tomographic findings of dogs with cubital joint lameness","volume":"41","author":"Reichle","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-2867(99)80034-6","article-title":"The elbow","volume":"14","author":"Reichle","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.1400","article-title":"Computed tomography of the elbow joint in clinically normal dogs","volume":"63","author":"de Rycke","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"78","article-title":"Comparison of radiologic imaging techniques for diagnosis of fragmented medial coronoid process of the cubital joint in dogs","volume":"203","author":"Carpenter","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Br J Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-58-686-137","article-title":"Detection of small focal lesions in CT images: effects of reconstruction filters and visual display windows","volume":"58","author":"Judy","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Soc Photo Opt Instrum Eng","first-page":"38","article-title":"Detectability of lesions of various sizes on CT images","author":"Judy","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"J Opt Soc Am A","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.4.000954","article-title":"Display thresholding of images and observer detection performance","volume":"4","author":"Judy","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Med Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1118\/1.594903","article-title":"Lesion detection and signal-to-noise ratio in CT images","volume":"8","author":"Judy","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Soc Photo Opt Instrum Eng","first-page":"60","article-title":"Variations in task and the ideal observer","volume":"419","author":"Hanson","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Invest Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-198806000-00008","article-title":"Size discrimination in computed tomographic images. Effects of feature contrast and display window","volume":"23","author":"Seltzer","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00328.x","article-title":"Evaluation of elbow incongruency using reconstructed CT in dogs suffering fragmented coronoid process","volume":"46","author":"Gemmill","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"976","article-title":"Comparison of a visual analogue scale and numerical rating scale for assessment of lameness, using sheep as a model","volume":"54","author":"Welsh","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Soc Photo Opt Instrum Eng","first-page":"204","article-title":"Effects of the CT display window on detectability of large and small lesions","author":"Twible","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Phys Med Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/29\/1\/001","article-title":"Detectability of low-contrast features in computed tomography","volume":"29","author":"Warren","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.134.2.7352241","article-title":"Clinical and experimental investigation of a smoothed CT reconstruction algorithm","volume":"134","author":"Joseph","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Acta Radiol Diag (Stockh)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/028418518102200110","article-title":"Perceptability of experimental and clinical lesions in the CT image with and without image processing","volume":"22","author":"Hemmingsson","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-2867(99)80008-5","article-title":"Advanced imaging concepts: a pictorial glossary of CT and MRI technology","volume":"14","author":"Tidwell","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1994.tb02051.x","article-title":"A review of high resolution computed tomography and a proposed technique for regional examination of the canine lumbosacral spine","volume":"35","author":"Jones","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(93)50035-9","article-title":"Interpretation of computed tomographic images","volume":"23","author":"Stickle","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"J Sleep Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0962-1105.2003.00365.x","article-title":"Determination of the minimal clinically significant difference on a patient visual analog sleep quality scale","volume":"12","author":"Zisapel","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.1634","article-title":"Assessing repeatability and validity of a visual analogue scale questionnaire for use in assessing pain and lameness in dogs","volume":"65","author":"Hudson","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2005.00104.x","article-title":"Comparative performance of radiography and computed tomography in the diagnosis of middle ear disease in 31 dogs","volume":"47","author":"Rohleder","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01044.x","article-title":"Comparison of visual analog and numeric scoring scales for assessing intraoperative mesenteric portovenography","volume":"43","author":"MacDonald","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2002.31046","article-title":"Sensitivity of radiographic evaluation of radio-ulnar incongruence in the dog in vitro","volume":"31","author":"Mason","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"J Anim Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.2527\/2000.7851141x","article-title":"Estimates of genetic parameters for hip and elbow dysplasia in Finnish Rottweilers","volume":"78","author":"Maki","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Br J Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-55-649-72","article-title":"Effect of window width and viewing distance in CT display","volume":"55","author":"Warren","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"J Am Vet Radiol Soc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1962.tb01820.x","article-title":"Normal and abnormal bone growth in the dog","volume":"3","author":"Hanlon","year":"1962"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"J Am Vet Radiol Soc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1965.tb01315.x","article-title":"Normal and abnormal growth of the distal foreleg in large and giant dogs","volume":"6","author":"Riser","year":"1965"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2004.02.003","article-title":"Variation in the ossification process of the anconeal and medial coronoid processes of the canine ulna","volume":"77","author":"Breit","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"California Veterinarian","first-page":"19","article-title":"Incidence and radiographic appearance of fragmented coronoid process in the Bernese Mountain Dog","volume":"6","author":"Wind","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"Nord Vet Med","first-page":"69","article-title":"Arthrosis with special reference to the elbow joint of young rapidly growing dogs. II. Occurrence, clinical and radiographical findings","volume":"31","author":"Grondalen","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1989.tb01497.x","article-title":"Use of radiographic scoring technique for the assessment of dogs with elbow osteochondrosis","volume":"30","author":"Guthrie","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.151.8.230","article-title":"Prevalence of fragmented medial coronoid process of the ulna in lame adult dogs","volume":"151","author":"Meyer-Lindenberg","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03625.x","article-title":"Comparison of two classification protocols in the evaluation of elbow dysplasia in the dog","volume":"39","author":"Lang","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref48","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00052.x","article-title":"Use of reconstructed computed tomography for the assessment of joint spaces in the canine elbow","volume":"47","author":"Gemmill","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref49","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2005.00018.x","article-title":"Accuracy of computerized tomographic evaluation of canine radio-ulnar incongruence in vitro","volume":"34","author":"Holsworth","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref50","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2005.00107.x","article-title":"Computed tomographic evaluation of canine radioulnar incongruence in vivo","volume":"35","author":"Kramer","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref51","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1998.tb01642.x","article-title":"Comparison of spin echo, gradient echo and fat saturation magnetic resonance imaging sequences for imaging the canine elbow","volume":"39","author":"Snaps","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref52","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)81146-3","article-title":"Non-invasive determination of cartilage thickness throughout joint surfaces using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"30","author":"Eckstein","year":"1997"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/68\/8\/ajvr.68.8.858.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/68\/8\/ajvr.68.8.858.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/68\/8\/ajvr.68.8.858.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:18:34Z","timestamp":1741349914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/68\/8\/ajvr.68.8.858.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.68.8.858","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]}}}