{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:16:46Z","timestamp":1784830606730,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the morphologic and biochemical characteristics of hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in llamas.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201412 adult llamas (6 with bilateral hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joints and 6 age- and sex-matched control llamas).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Llamas were evaluated by use of lameness examination, ultrasonography, and radiography. A CBC, serum biochemical analysis, and determination of concentrations of trace minerals in serum and liver samples were performed. Llamas were euthanized, and samples of the superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon, and suspensory ligament were obtained from 4 areas and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen or suspended in neutral-buffered 10% formalin. Immunohistochemical evaluation of collagen types I and III and assays for measurement of lysyl oxidase activity were performed.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u20142 affected llamas had a visible gait deficit associated with metacarpophalangeal joint hyperextension. Radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis was detected in 1 severely affected llama, and ultrasonographic changes of soft tissue mineralization and suspensory desmitis were observed in 2 llamas. Liver concentrations of copper were lower and serum concentrations of zinc higher in affected llamas, compared with values in control llamas. Lysyl oxidase activity and collagen distribution did not differ significantly between groups.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joints in llamas does not appear to be the result of injury or degeneration of the suspensory ligament or flexor tendons. Lower copper concentrations coupled with higher zinc concentrations in affected llamas may be indicative of secondary copper deficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.8.879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,1]],"date-time":"2007-08-01T17:54:21Z","timestamp":1185990861000},"page":"879-885","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Morphologic and biochemical characterization of hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in llamas"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Shannon K.","family":"Reed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacy A.","family":"Semevolos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul K.","family":"Rist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth A.","family":"Valentine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Medicine and surgery of South American camelids: llama, alpaca, vicuna, guanaco","first-page":"517","article-title":"Conformation and gaits","author":"Fowler","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"50","article-title":"Conditions of suspensory ligament causing lameness in horses","volume":"4","author":"Gibson","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Res Commun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01839191","article-title":"Studies on the relationship between sway disease of Bactrian camels and copper status in Gansu province","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"902","article-title":"Copper deficiency in yaks on pasture in western 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