{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T09:25:15Z","timestamp":1791192315387,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the pharmacokinetics and safety of orally administered voriconazole in African grey parrots.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201420 clinically normal Timneh African grey parrots (<jats:italic>Psittacus erithacus timneh<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014In single-dose trials, 12 parrots were each administered 6, 12, and 18 mg of voriconazole\/kg orally and plasma concentrations of voriconazole were determined via high-pressure liquid chromatography. In a multiple-dose trial, voriconazole (18 mg\/kg) was administered orally to 6 birds every 12 hours for 9 days; a control group (2 birds) received tap water. Treatment effects were assessed via observation, clinicopathologic analyses (3 assessments), and measurement of trough plasma voriconazole concentrations (2 assessments).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Voriconazole's elimination half-life was short (1.1 to 1.6 hours). Higher doses resulted in disproportional increases in the maximum plasma voriconazole concentration and area under the curve. Trough plasma voriconazole concentrations achieved in the multiple-dose trial were lower than those achieved after administration of single doses. Polyuria (the only adverse treatment effect) developed in treated and control birds but was more severe in the treatment group.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014In African grey parrots, voriconazole has dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and may induce its own metabolism. Oral administration of 12 to 18 mg of voriconazole\/kg twice daily is a rational starting dose for treatment of African grey parrots infected with <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic> or other fungal organisms that have a minimal inhibitory concentration for voriconazole \u2264 0.4 \u03bcg\/mL. Higher doses may be needed to maintain plasma voriconazole concentrations during long-term treatment. Safety and efficacy of various voriconazole treatment regimens in this species require investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.1.114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T21:52:34Z","timestamp":1199224354000},"page":"114-121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after oral administration of single and multiple doses in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus timneh)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Keven","family":"Flammer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Nettifee Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna J.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacy L.","family":"Dillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exotic Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S1094-9194(17)30080-4","article-title":"Respiratory medicine of caged and aviary birds","volume":"3","author":"Phalen","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Avian Med Surg","first-page":"8","article-title":"Antifungal agents: a review of their pharmacology and therapeutic indications","volume":"9","author":"Oroz","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exotic Anim 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