{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:23:51Z","timestamp":1792661031634,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To compare castration of dogs by use of intratesticular injection of zinc gluconate with traditional surgical procedures in terms of acceptance by pet owners, ease of use, and short-term outcomes on Isabela Island of the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014161 privately owned male dogs admitted to a neuter program.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Medical records of male dogs neutered during a 4-week animal control campaign were reviewed to collect information regarding signalment, method of castration, complication rate, and treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Of the 161 dogs admitted for castration, 58 were surgically castrated and 103 were treated with zinc gluconate. Dogs were returned to their owners for observation following castration. Wound dehiscence occurred in 2 skin incisions, representing 3.4% of the 58 dogs that underwent bilateral orchiectomy. Necrotizing zinc-gluconate injection-site reactions occurred in 4 dogs receiving injection volumes near the maximum label dose (0.8 to 1.0 mL), representing 3.9% of the zinc-gluconate procedures. Surgical wound complications were treated by superficial wound debridement and resuturing, in contrast to zinc-gluconate injection-site reactions, which all required orchiectomy and extensive surgical debridement, including scrotal ablation in 2 dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Low cost, ease of use, and cultural acceptance of a castration technique that does not require removal of the testes make zinc gluconate a valuable option for large-scale use in dogs, particularly in remote locations lacking sophisticated clinical facilities or skilled surgeons and staff. Further investigation is needed to identify risk factors in dogs for adverse reactions to zinc gluconate and to develop strategies for avoidance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.1.140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T21:52:34Z","timestamp":1199224354000},"page":"140-143","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Comparison of intratesticular injection of zinc gluconate versus surgical castration to sterilize male dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Julie K.","family":"Levy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Cynda","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie D.","family":"Appel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma L.","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Appl Ecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2307\/2402489","article-title":"Prey selection by feral dogs from a population of marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)","volume":"18","author":"Kruuk","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Oikos","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2307\/3565398","article-title":"Food habits and energetics of feral house cats in the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands","volume":"50","author":"Konecny","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1126\/science.293.5530.590","article-title":"Gal\u00e1pagos takes aim at alien invaders","volume":"293","author":"Kaiser","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Domestic dog census on Floreana and Isabela, Galapagos Islands","author":"Jagt","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Theriogenology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(85)90022-6","article-title":"Chemical vasectomy of domestic dogs in the Galapagos islands","volume":"23","author":"Barnett","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Neutersol [package insert]","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"NADA 141-217","article-title":"Freedom of Information summary. Neutersol injectable solution for dogs (zinc gluconate neutralized by arginine). Intratesticular injection for chemical sterilization in 3 to 10 month old male dogs","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Aust Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1994.tb03351.x","article-title":"Attitudes of dog owners to neutering pets: demographic data and effects of owner attitude","volume":"71","author":"Blackshaw","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Appl Anim Welf Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327604jaws0802_3","article-title":"Adoption of shelter dogs in a Brazilian community: assessing the caretaker profile","volume":"8","author":"Soto","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/69\/1\/ajvr.69.1.140.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/69\/1\/ajvr.69.1.140.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/69\/1\/ajvr.69.1.140.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:46:16Z","timestamp":1741351576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/69\/1\/ajvr.69.1.140.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.69.1.140","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]}}}