{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:50:33Z","timestamp":1775742633916,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate sedative, antinociceptive, and physiologic effects of acepromazine and butorphanol during tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) anesthesia in llamas.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20145 young adult llamas.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Llamas received each of 5 treatments IM (1-week intervals): A (acepromazine, 0.05 mg\/kg), B1 (butorphanol, 0.1 mg\/kg), AB (acepromazine, 0.05 mg\/kg, and butorphanol, 0.1 mg\/kg), B2 (butorphanol, 0.2 mg\/kg), or C (saline [0.9% NaCl] solution). Sedation was evaluated during a 30-minute period prior to anesthesia with TZ (2 mg\/kg, IM). Anesthesia and recovery characteristics and selected cardiorespiratory variables were recorded at intervals. Antinociception was assessed via a toe-clamp technique.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Sedation was not evident following any treatment. Times to sternal and lateral recumbency did not differ among treatments. Duration of lateral recumbency was significantly longer for treatment AB than for treatment C. Duration of antinociception was significantly longer for treatments A and AB, compared with treatment C, and longer for treatment AB, compared with treatment B2. Treatment B1 resulted in a significant decrease in respiratory rate, compared with treatment C. Compared with treatment C, diastolic and mean blood pressures were lower after treatment A. Heart rate was increased with treatment A, compared with treatment B1 or treatment C. Although severe hypoxemia developed in llamas anesthetized with TZ alone and with each treatment-TZ combination, hemoglobin saturation remained high and the hypoxemia was not considered clinically important.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Sedation or changes in heart and respiratory rates were not detected with any treatment before administration of TZ. Acepromazine alone and acepromazine with butorphanol (0.1 mg\/kg) prolonged the duration of antinociception in TZ-treated llamas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.2.182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]],"date-time":"2008-02-01T22:34:31Z","timestamp":1201905271000},"page":"182-188","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effects of acepromazine and butorphanol on tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in llamas"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Tulio M.","family":"Prado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom J.","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth B.","family":"Boggan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna 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