{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:30:13Z","timestamp":1778279413390,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\nObjective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate the cardiopulmonary effects of anesthetic induction with thiopental, propofol, or ketamine hydrochloride and diazepam in dogs sedated with medetomidine and hydromorphone.<\/jats:p>\nAnimals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 healthy adult dogs.<\/jats:p>\nProcedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Dogs received 3 induction regimens in a randomized crossover study. Twenty minutes after sedation with medetomidine (10 \u03bcg\/kg, IV) and hydromorphone (0.05 mg\/kg, IV), anesthesia was induced with ketamine-diazepam, propofol, or thiopental and then maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Measurements were obtained prior to sedation (baseline), 10 minutes after administration of preanesthetic medications, after induction before receiving oxygen, and after the start of isoflurane-oxygen administration.<\/jats:p>\nResults<\/jats:bold>\u2014Doses required for induction were 1.25 mg of ketamine\/kg with 0.0625 mg of diazepam\/kg, 1 mg of propofol\/kg, and 2.5 mg of thiopental\/kg. After administration of preanesthetic medications, heart rate (HR), cardiac index, and PaO<\/jats:sc>2<\/jats:sub> values were significantly lower and mean arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, and PaCO<\/jats:sc>2<\/jats:sub> values were significantly higher than baseline values for all regimens. After induction of anesthesia, compared with postsedation values, HR was greater for ketamine-diazepam and thiopental regimens, whereas PaCO<\/jats:sc>2<\/jats:sub> tension was greater and stroke index values were lower for all regimens. After induction, PaO<\/jats:sc>2<\/jats:sub> values were significantly lower and HR and cardiac index values significantly higher for the ketamine-diazepam regimen, compared with values for the propofol and thiopental regimens.<\/jats:p>\nConclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Medetomidine and hydromorphone caused dramatic hemodynamic alterations, and at the doses used, the 3 induction regimens did not induce important additional cardiovascular alterations. However, administration of supplemental oxygen is recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.5.586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]],"date-time":"2008-05-01T11:55:00Z","timestamp":1209642900000},"page":"586-595","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Cardiopulmonary effects of anesthetic induction with thiopental, propofol, or a combination of ketamine hydrochloride and diazepam in dogs sedated with a combination of medetomidine and hydromorphone"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Saad S.","family":"Enouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn L.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wayne N.","family":"McDonell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doris 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