{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T16:27:07Z","timestamp":1762100827613,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To develop an epiduroscopic technique for use in standing cattle and describe the endoscopically visible anatomic structures of the epidural space in the sacrococcygeal area.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 healthy nonlactating, nonpregnant cows (mean \u00b1 SD age, 60 \u00b1 18.5 months; mean weight, 599.7 \u00b1 63.87 kg) and 3 bovine cadavers.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cadavers were used to allow familiarization with the equipment and refinement of the technique. Following these experiences, procedures were performed in live animals. Each cow was restrained in a stock. After sedation with xylazine (0.03 mg\/kg, IV), 2% lidocaine hydrochloride (0.25 mg\/kg) was injected epidurally in the first intercoccygeal or the sacrococcygeal intervertebral space. By use of an introducer set (guidewire and dilation trocar and shaft), a flexible endoscope (length, 75 cm; diameter, 2.3 mm) was inserted through the dilation shaft into the epidural space. To obtain an optimal view, small amounts of air were insufflated into the epidural space through the working channel of the endoscope via a syringe with special filter.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Anatomic structures of the epidural space that were viewed by means of the endoscopic procedure included blood vessels, connective tissue, fat, nerves, and the spinal dura mater. No adverse events were detected during epiduroscopy, and it was tolerated well by all 6 cows.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014In ruminants, epidural structures can be viewed via endoscopy. Such epiduroscopic procedures may be useful in anatomic studies as well as for the diagnosis of disease or therapeutic interventions in ruminants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.7.894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]],"date-time":"2008-07-01T13:34:11Z","timestamp":1214919251000},"page":"894-899","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Use of endoscopy for examination of the sacral epidural space in standing cattle"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Sonja","family":"Franz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnes M.","family":"Dadak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Moens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Iff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"year":"2006","series-title":"Epiduroskopie","author":"Sch\u00fctze","key":"ref1"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Angewandte und topographische Anatomie der Haustiere","first-page":"340","article-title":"R\u00fccken, Dorsum","author":"Berg","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg","first-page":"695","article-title":"Myeloscopy or the direct visualization of the spinal cord","volume":"13","author":"Burman","year":"1931"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1938.02270060198013","article-title":"Direct visualization of dorsal nerve roots of the cauda equina by means of a myeloscope","volume":"39","author":"Pool","year":"1938"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Anesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s005400200029","article-title":"Recent advances in epiduroscopy","volume":"16","author":"Kitahata","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Reg Anesth","article-title":"Percutaneous evaluation of the epidural and subarachnoid space with the flexible fiberscope","volume":"15","author":"Heavner","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Jpn Soc Clin Anesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2199\/jjsca.8.215","article-title":"Development of fine fiberscopes for subarachnoid and epidural spaces","volume":"8","author":"Shimoji","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199108000-00024","article-title":"Observation of spinal canal and cisternae with the newly developed small-diameter, flexible fiberscopes","volume":"75","author":"Shimoji","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Yale J Biol Med","first-page":"7","article-title":"Spinal and epidural endoscopy: a historical review","volume":"68","author":"Saberski","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Anesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02483398","article-title":"Persistent radiculopathy diagnosed and treated with epidural endoscopy","volume":"10","author":"Saberski","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Reg Anesth","article-title":"Percutaneous investigation of the epidural space using a flexible endoscope: a contribution to epiduroscopy","volume":"18","author":"Sch\u00fctze","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Reg Anesth","first-page":"85","article-title":"Direct observation of the epidural space with a flexible catheter-secured epiduroscopic unit","volume":"19","author":"Sch\u00fctze","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"839","article-title":"Direct visualization of the lumbosacral epidural space through the sacral hiatus","volume":"80","author":"Saberski","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Med Austria","first-page":"278","article-title":"Perkutane Epiduroskopie beim Hund: anatomische und technische Grundlagen","volume":"93","author":"Lorinson","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Dairy Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(94)77212-X","article-title":"Principle descriptors of body condition score in Holstein cows","volume":"77","author":"Ferguson","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"1183","article-title":"Clinical results with the acoustic puncture assist device, a new acoustic device to identify the epidural space","volume":"96","author":"Lechner","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Acta Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3109\/00016925309136722","article-title":"Catheter replacement of the needle in percutaneous arteriography; 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