{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:31:40Z","timestamp":1778279500931,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate the in vivo effects of firocoxib, meloxicam, and tepoxalin on prostaglandin (PG) and leukotriene production in duodenal mucosa and other target tissues in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis (OA).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20148 dogs with chronic, unilateral OA of the stifle joint.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014In a crossover design, each dog received placebo (no treatment), firocoxib, meloxicam, or tepoxalin for 7 days, followed by a 21-day washout period. On the first day of treatment (day 0; baseline) and days 2, 4, and 7, samples of whole blood, synovial fluid, and gastric and duodenal mucosae were collected. Prostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> concentrations were measured in synovial fluid of the stifle joint and after ex vivo stimulation of whole blood samples. Synthesis of PGE<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was measured in samples of gastric and duodenal mucosae. Concentrations of thromboxane B<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (TxB<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) were measured in whole blood samples. Leukotriene B<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> (LTB<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>) concentrations were measured in samples of whole blood (ex vivo stimulation) and gastric and duodenal mucosae.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Firocoxib, meloxicam, and tepoxalin significantly suppressed whole blood concentrations of PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, compared with baseline and placebo concentrations, at days 2, 4, and 7. Tepoxalin significantly suppressed serum TxB<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> concentrations, compared with baseline, firocoxib, meloxicam, and placebo, at all 3 time points. Production of PGE<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was significantly lower in duodenal versus gastric mucosa. Tepoxalin significantly decreased rates of PGE<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> in duodenal and gastric mucosae, compared with baseline rates.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014PG production was lower in the duodenum than in the stomach. Firocoxib had a COX-1\u2013sparing effect in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.9.1203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,2]],"date-time":"2008-09-02T12:28:50Z","timestamp":1220358530000},"page":"1203-1209","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Effects of firocoxib, meloxicam, and tepoxalin on prostanoid and leukotriene production by duodenal mucosa and other tissues of osteoarthritic dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"John P.","family":"Punke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abbie L.","family":"Speas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa R.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven C.","family":"Budsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Postgrad Med J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2005.039586","article-title":"Is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) enteropathy clinically more important than NSAID gastropathy?","volume":"82","author":"Adebayo","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02741.x","article-title":"The coxib NSAIDs: potential clinical and pharmacologic importance in veterinary medicine","volume":"19","author":"Bergh","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Gastroenterology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.33647","article-title":"COX-1 and 2, intestinal integrity and pathogenesis of NSAID-enteropathy in 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