{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T14:47:57Z","timestamp":1766587677242,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the change in stiffness as evaluated by the dorsal bending moment of cervical vertebral specimens obtained from canine cadavers after internally stabilizing the vertebral motion unit (VMU) of C4 and C5 with a traditional pin-polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) fixation implant or a novel screw-bar\u2013PMMA fixation implant.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Sample Population<\/jats:bold>\u201412 vertebral column specimens (C3 through C6) obtained from canine cadavers.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014A dorsal bending moment was applied to the vertebral specimens before and after fixation of the VMU of C4 and C5 by use of a traditional pin-PMMA implant or a novel screw-bar\u2013PMMA implant. Biomechanical data were collected and compared within a specimen (unaltered vs treated) and between treatment groups. Additionally, implant placement was evaluated after biomechanical testing to screen for penetration of the transverse foramen or vertebral canal by the pins or screws.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Treated vertebral specimens were significantly stiffer than unaltered specimens. There was no significant difference in stiffness between vertebral specimen groups after treatment. None of the screws in the novel screw-bar\u2013PMMA implant group penetrated the transverse foramen or vertebral canal, whereas there was mild to severe penetration for 22 of 24 (92%) pins in the traditional pin-PMMA implant group.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Both fixation treatments altered the biomechanical properties of the cervical vertebral specimens as evaluated by the dorsal bending moment. There was reduced incidence of penetration of the transverse foramen or vertebral canal with the novel screw-bar\u2013PMMA implant, compared with the incidence for the traditional pin-PMMA implant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.6.719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,4]],"date-time":"2009-06-04T13:09:38Z","timestamp":1244120978000},"page":"719-726","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["In vitro biomechanical evaluations of screw-bar\u2013polymethylmethacrylate and pin-polymethylmethacrylate internal fixation implants used to stabilize the vertebral motion unit of the fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae in vertebral column specimens from dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Hicks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marvin J.","family":"Pitts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodney S.","family":"Bagley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Vasavada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annie V.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fred A.","family":"Wininger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julianna C.","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1989.tb01070.x","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of three surgical methods for treatment of caudal cervical spondylomyelpathy of dogs","volume":"18","author":"Bruecker","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Prog Vet Neural","first-page":"6","article-title":"The rotational stabilizing effect of spinal fixation techniques in an unstable vertebral model","volume":"2","author":"Waldron","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-36-1-68","article-title":"Caudal cervical intervertebral disk disease in the small dog: role of distraction and stabilization in ventral slot decompression","volume":"36","author":"Fitch","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860000168","article-title":"Primary stabilizing effect of inter-body fusion devices for the cervical spine: an in vitro comparison between three different cage types and bone cement","volume":"9","author":"Wilke","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2002.31045","article-title":"External fixation of the lumbar spine in a canine model","volume":"31","author":"Walker","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Textbook of small animal surgery","first-page":"1245","article-title":"Vertebral fractures and luxations","author":"Sturges","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.678","article-title":"Effect of a ventral slot procedure and of smooth or positive-profile threaded pins with polymethylmethacrylate fixation on intervertebral biomechanics at treated and adjacent canine cervical vertebral motion units","volume":"66","author":"Koehler","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1632969","article-title":"Montavon. 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