{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T15:12:14Z","timestamp":1770217934808,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\nObjective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To develop a protocol to induce and maintain gastric ulceration in horses and to determine whether gastric ulceration affects physiologic indices of performance during high-speed treadmill exercise.<\/jats:p>\nAnimals<\/jats:bold>\u201420 healthy Thoroughbreds.<\/jats:p>\nProcedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Each horse was acclimatized to treadmill exercise during a 2-week period. Subsequently, baseline data were collected (day 0) and each horse began an incrementally increasing exercise training program (days 1 through 56). Beginning on day 14, horses were administered omeprazole (4 mg\/kg, PO, q 24 h until day 56) or no drug (10 horses\/group) and underwent alternating 24-hour periods of feeding and feed withholding for 10 days to induce gastric ulceration. Extent of gastric ulceration was assessed weekly thereafter via gastroscopy. Physiologic indices of performance were measured at days 0 and 56. Gastric ulceration and exercise performance indices were compared within and between groups.<\/jats:p>\nResults<\/jats:bold>\u2014In untreated horses, gastric ulcers were induced and maintained through day 56. Gastric ulcer formation was prevented in omeprazole-treated horses. There were significant interactions between time (pre- and post-training data) and treatment (nonulcer and ulcer groups) for mass-specific maximal O2<\/jats:sub> consumption (O<\/jats:sc>2max<\/jats:sub>\/Mb<\/jats:sub>) and mass-specific maximal CO2<\/jats:sub> production (CO<\/jats:sc>2max<\/jats:sub>\/Mb<\/jats:sub>). Post hoc analysis revealed a difference between groups for O<\/jats:sc>2max<\/jats:sub>\/Mb<\/jats:sub> at day 56. Within-group differences for O<\/jats:sc>2max<\/jats:sub>\/Mb<\/jats:sub> and CO<\/jats:sc>2max<\/jats:sub>\/Mb<\/jats:sub> were detected for omeprazole-treated horses, but not for the horses with ulcers.<\/jats:p>\nConclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014In horses, gastric ulcers were induced and maintained by use of alternating periods of feeding and feed withholding in association with treadmill exercise (simulated racetrack training). Gastric ulcers adversely affected physiologic indices of performance in horses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.6.787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,4]],"date-time":"2009-06-04T13:09:38Z","timestamp":1244120978000},"page":"787-795","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Effect of gastric ulceration on physiologic responses to exercise in horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Jorge E.","family":"Nieto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack R.","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Vatistas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1130","article-title":"Prevalence of gastric ulcers in show horses","volume":"215","author":"McClure","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2003.09.005","article-title":"Prevalence of gastric ulcers in endurance horses\u2014a preliminary report","volume":"167","author":"Nieto","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl","first-page":"68","article-title":"Gastric ulcers in horses: a comparison of endoscopic findings in horses with and without clinical signs","author":"Murray","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl","first-page":"34","article-title":"Cross-sectional study of gastric ulcers of the squamous mucosa in thoroughbred racehorses","author":"Vatistas","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1996.tb03107.x","article-title":"Factors associated with gastric lesions in thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"28","author":"Murray","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"117","article-title":"Gastric ulceration in horses: 91 cases (1987\u20131990)","volume":"201","author":"Murray","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1599","article-title":"Effects of intermittent feed deprivation, intermittent feed deprivation with ranitidine administration, and stall confinement with ad libitum access to hay on gastric ulceration in horses","volume":"57","author":"Murray","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"774","article-title":"Effects of large doses of phenylbutazone administration to horses","volume":"44","author":"MacKay","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"71","article-title":"Comparison of adverse effects of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen in horses","volume":"202","author":"MacAllister","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl","first-page":"40","article-title":"Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training (Erratum published in Equine Vet J 1999;31:352)","author":"Vatistas","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Ther","first-page":"361","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of omeprazole on physiological indices of performance of horses during incremental treadmill exercise","volume":"2","author":"Kollias-Baker","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl","first-page":"148","article-title":"Cardiac output measurements using sonomicrometer crystals on the left ventricle at rest and exercise","volume":"30","author":"Pascoe","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1981.51.3.772","article-title":"One-step N2-dilution technique for calibrating open-circuit VO2 measuring systems","volume":"51","author":"Fedak","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Dig Dis Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02087686","article-title":"Equine model of inducing ulceration in alimentary squamous epithelial mucosa","volume":"39","author":"Murray","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.221.1156","article-title":"Associations between age or sex and prevalence of gastric ulceration in Standardbred racehorses in training","volume":"221","author":"Rabuffo","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2007.11.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of racetrack injuries in racehorses","volume":"24","author":"Parkin","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1285","article-title":"Relationship of racetrack surface to lameness in the thoroughbred racehorse","volume":"34","author":"Cheney","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.1674","article-title":"Observer variation in visual assessment of forelimb horseshoe characteristics on Thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"65","author":"Gross","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.1314","article-title":"Evaluation of horseshoe characteristics and high-speed exercise history as possible risk factors for catastrophic musculoskeletal injury in thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"66","author":"Hernandez","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.1508","article-title":"Effects of injury to the suspensory apparatus, exercise, and horseshoe characteristics on the risk of lateral condylar fracture and suspensory apparatus failure in forelimbs of thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"65","author":"Hill","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02755.x","article-title":"Prevalence of ulcers of the squamous gastric mucosa in standardbred horses","volume":"19","author":"Roy","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"209","article-title":"Prevalence of gastric ulceration in Swedish Standardbreds in race training","volume":"38","author":"Jonsson","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02437.x","article-title":"Gastric ulcers in standardbred racehorses: prevalence, lesion description, and risk factors","volume":"17","author":"Dionne","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Vet J","article-title":"Prevalence of gastric ulcers in Thoroughbred broodmares in pasture: a preliminary report","author":"le Jeune","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.1481","article-title":"Effects of exercise on gastric volume and pH in the proximal portion of the stomach of horses","volume":"63","author":"Lorenzo-Figueras","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Int Sport Med J","first-page":"130","article-title":"The gastrointestinal system: the relationship between an athlete's health and sport performance","volume":"6","author":"Deibert","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Dig Dis Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01307538","article-title":"Effect of graded exercise on esophageal motility and gastroesophageal reflux in trained athletes","volume":"38","author":"Soffer","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Dig Dis Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02090082","article-title":"Effect of graded exercise on esophageal motility and gastroesophageal reflux in non-trained subjects","volume":"39","author":"Soffer","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl","first-page":"87","article-title":"Clinical trial to determine the effect of omeprazole given once or twice daily on gastric ulceration","author":"Vatistas","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl","first-page":"71","article-title":"Acceptability of a paste formulation and efficacy of high dose omeprazole in healing gastric ulcers in horses maintained in race training","volume":"29","author":"Vatistas","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"929","article-title":"Effects of orally administered enteric-coated omeprazole on gastric acid secretion in horses","volume":"60","author":"Andrews","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl","first-page":"54","article-title":"Comparison of the antisecretory effects of omeprazole when administered intravenously, as acid-stable granules and as an oral paste in horses","author":"Haven","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl","first-page":"668","article-title":"Effect of omeprazole on markers of performance in gastric ulcer-free standardbred horses","author":"McKeever","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl","first-page":"370","article-title":"Method for quantifying net anaerobic power in exercising horses","author":"Ohmura","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Equine exercise physiology 3","first-page":"179","article-title":"Plasma lactate kinetics during exercise","author":"Birks","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Equine Comp Exerc Physiol","first-page":"5","article-title":"Current concepts of oxygen transport during exercise","volume":"1","author":"Poole","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"103","article-title":"Maximal oxygen uptake as a parametric measure of cardiorespiratory capacity (Erratum published in Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:574)","volume":"39","author":"Hawkins","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02902.x","article-title":"The correlation of running ability and physiological variables in thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"25","author":"Harkins","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Equine exercise physiology 3","first-page":"77","article-title":"Effects of training intensity on maximum oxygen uptake","author":"Knight","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"Adv Vet Sci Comp Med","first-page":"217","article-title":"Circulatory function during exercise: integration of convection and diffusion","volume":"38A","author":"Jones","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.67.2.862","article-title":"Oxygen transport during exercise in large mammals. I. Adaptive variation in oxygen demand","volume":"67","author":"Jones","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.5.2244","article-title":"Changes in maximum oxygen uptake during prolonged training, overtraining, and detraining in horses","volume":"81","author":"Tyler","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl","first-page":"140","article-title":"Physiological responses of young Thoroughbreds during their first year of race training","author":"Ohmura","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"Respir Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(81)90074-8","article-title":"Design of the mammalian respiratory system. II. Measuring maximum aerobic capacity","volume":"44","author":"Seeherman","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl","first-page":"23","article-title":"Estimation of metabolic energy cost and heat production during a 3-day-event","author":"Jones","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl","first-page":"418","article-title":"Indices of exercise capacity in horses presented for poor racing performance","volume":"18","author":"Rose","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"Int J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1024685","article-title":"Variations in stride length and running economy in male novice runners subsequent to a seven-week training program","volume":"12","author":"Bailey","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref48","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2746\/095777308X282363","article-title":"Poor performance associated with equine gastric ulceration syndrome in four Thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"20","author":"Franklin","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/70\/6\/ajvr.70.6.787.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/70\/6\/ajvr.70.6.787.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/70\/6\/ajvr.70.6.787.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:21:57Z","timestamp":1741350117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/70\/6\/ajvr.70.6.787.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.70.6.787","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}}}