{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T03:22:23Z","timestamp":1785813743139,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a commercially available in-clinic ELISA for detection of heartworm infection and tick-borne diseases in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Sample Population<\/jats:bold>\u2014846 serum, plasma, or blood samples obtained from dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Samples were evaluated via the in-clinic ELISA to detect antibodies against <jats:italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia canis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Dirofilaria immitis<\/jats:italic> (heartworm) antigen. True infection or immunologic status of samples was assessed by use of results of necropsy, an antigen assay for <jats:italic>D immitis<\/jats:italic>, and immunofluorescence assay or western blot analysis for antibodies against <jats:italic>B burgdorferi, E canis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>A phagocytophilum.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Sensitivity and specificity of the in-clinic ELISA for detection of heartworm antigen (99.2% and 100%, respectively), antibodies against <jats:italic>B burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> (98.8% and 100%, respectively), and antibodies against <jats:italic>E canis<\/jats:italic> (96.2% and 100%, respectively) were similar to results for a similar commercial ELISA. In samples obtained from dogs in the northeast and upper Midwest of the United States, sensitivity and specificity of the in-clinic ELISA for antibodies against <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic> spp were 99.1% and 100%, respectively, compared with results for an immunofluorescence assay. Samples from 2 dogs experimentally infected with the NY18 strain of <jats:italic>A phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic> were tested by use of the in-clinic ELISA, and antibodies against <jats:italic>A phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic> were detected by 8 days after inoculation. Antibodies against <jats:italic>Anaplasma platys<\/jats:italic> in experimentally infected dogs cross-reacted with the <jats:italic>A phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic> analyte. Coinfections were identified in several of the canine serum samples.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014The commercially available in-clinic ELISA could be used by veterinarians to screen dogs for heartworm infection and for exposure to tick-borne pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.12.1443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]],"date-time":"2010-12-01T08:02:40Z","timestamp":1291190560000},"page":"1443-1450","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Performance of a commercially available in-clinic ELISA for the detection of antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia canis, and Borrelia burgdorferi and Dirofilaria immitis antigen in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Ramaswamy","family":"Chandrashekar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celine A.","family":"Mainville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa J.","family":"Beall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"O'Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Eberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Rick","family":"Alleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen D.","family":"Gaunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward B.","family":"Breitschwerdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Tick-borne (pasture) fever","first-page":"209","author":"Woldehiwet","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Identification of a granulocytotropic Ehrlichia species as the etiologic agent of human disease","first-page":"589","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"An update on anaplasmosis in dogs","first-page":"212","volume":"103","author":"Alleman","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"An indirect immunofluorescence assay using a cell culture-derived antigen for detection of antibodies to the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis","first-page":"1510","volume":"35","author":"Nicholson","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Seroprevalence of Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia equi, and Ehrlichia risticii in sick dogs from North Carolina and Virginia","first-page":"50","volume":"14","author":"Suksawat","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Emerging tick-borne diseases","first-page":"265","volume":"39","author":"Fritz","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Use of a C6 ELISA test to evaluate the efficacy of a whole-cell bacterin for the prevention of naturally transmitted canine Borrelia burgdorferi infection","first-page":"420","volume":"3","author":"Levy","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Quantitative measurement of C6 antibody following antibiotic treatment of Borrelia burgdorferi antibody-positive nonclinical dogs","first-page":"115","volume":"15","author":"Levy","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Cross-reacting antigens between Neorickettsia helminthoeca and Ehrlichia species, shown by immunofluorescence and western immunoblotting","first-page":"2024","volume":"29","author":"Rikihisa","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Comparison of results of three commercial heart-worm antigen test kits in dogs with low heartworm burdens","first-page":"1221","volume":"222","author":"Atkins","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Direct cultivation of the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis","first-page":"209","volume":"334","author":"Goodman","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Evaluation of Rhipicephalus sanguineus as a potential biologic vector of Ehrlichia platys","first-page":"1537","volume":"52","author":"Simpson","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Transcript heterogeneity of the p44 multigene family in a human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent transmitted by ticks","first-page":"1175","volume":"70","author":"Zhi","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"T. 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