{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T09:25:27Z","timestamp":1791192327889,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the pharmacokinetics and safety of voriconazole administered orally in single and multiple doses in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (<jats:italic>Amazona ventralis<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201415 clinically normal adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Single doses of voriconazole (12 or 24 mg\/kg) were administered orally to 15 and 12 birds, respectively; plasma voriconazole concentrations were determined at intervals via high-pressure liquid chromatography. In a multiple-dose trial, voriconazole (18 mg\/kg) or water was administered orally to 6 and 4 birds, respectively, every 8 hours for 11 days (beginning day 0); trough plasma voriconazole concentrations were evaluated on 3 days. Birds were monitored daily, and clinicopathologic variables were evaluated before and after the trial.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Voriconazole elimination half-life was short (0.70 to 1.25 hours). In the single-dose experiments, higher drug doses yielded proportional increases in the maximum plasma voriconazole concentration (C<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>) and area under the curve (AUC). In the multiple-dose trial, C<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>, AUC, and plasma concentrations at 2 and 4 hours were decreased on day 10, compared with day 0 values; however, there was relatively little change in terminal half-life. With the exception of 1 voriconazole-treated parrot that developed polyuria, adverse effects were not evident.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014In Hispaniolan Amazon parrots, oral administration of voriconazole was associated with proportional kinetics following administration of single doses and a decrease in plasma concentration following administration of multiple doses. Oral administration of 18 mg of voriconazole\/kg every 8 hours would require adjustment to maintain therapeutic concentrations during long-term treatment. Safety and efficacy of voriconazole treatment in this species require further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.4.460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]],"date-time":"2010-04-01T07:06:47Z","timestamp":1270105607000},"page":"460-467","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after oral administration of single and multiple doses in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Sanchez-Migallon Guzman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keven","family":"Flammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark G.","family":"Papich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy M.","family":"Grooters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Applegate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas N.","family":"Tully","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Drugs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200464180-00001","article-title":"Newer systemic antifungal agents: pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy","volume":"64","author":"Boucher","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"US prescribing 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