{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T14:05:12Z","timestamp":1769263512475,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine whether clinically normal dogs have lesions in the pylorus and duodenum and to examine the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms in the pylorus and duodenum of these dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201427 clinically normal dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Physical examination was performed on clinically normal dogs from animal shelters and research projects; the dogs were then euthanized. After the dogs were euthanized, the pylorus and duodenum were photographed and scored for gross appearance of lesions. Samples were obtained for histologic evaluation and determination of COX expression via western blot analyses. Tissues from the pylorus and duodenum were categorized as normal, inflamed, or eroded on the basis of histologic analysis. Each histologic category of tissue was then evaluated to determine the correlation with gross appearance and COX expression.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Of the 27 dogs, 5 had unremarkable histologic findings in the pylorus and duodenum. Inflammation was found in the pylorus of 10 dogs and in the duodenum of 5 dogs. Epithelial erosion was detected in the pylorus of 1 dog and in the duodenum of 3 dogs. Gross appearance was not significantly correlated with histologic appearance. Expression of COX-1 was not upregulated by inflammation, whereas COX-2 expression was increased by inflammation or erosion.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Dogs that appear to be clinically normal may have underlying gastroduodenal lesions associated with upregulation of COX-2. Because of the inability to determine this during routine physical examination, practitioners should be aware of this potential situation when prescribing COX inhibitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.6.630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]],"date-time":"2010-06-01T07:06:16Z","timestamp":1275375976000},"page":"630-635","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Evaluation of the relationship between lesions in the gastroduodenal region and cyclooxygenase expression in clinically normal dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Jenna G.","family":"Wooten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. Duncan X.","family":"Lascelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa L.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Mac","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony T.","family":"Blikslager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.5326\/0380176","article-title":"Spontaneous gastroduodenal perforation in 16 dogs and seven cats (1982\u20131999)","volume":"38","author":"Hinton","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"238","article-title":"Gastroduodenal ulceration in dogs. 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