{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:34:43Z","timestamp":1791221683549,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To investigate the presence or absence of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 in synovial tissues collected from stifle joints (SJs) of dogs with or without osteoarthritis.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201421 purpose-bred research dogs, 3 client-owned dogs with SJ osteoarthritis, and 3 dogs without SJ osteoarthritis.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Research dogs underwent arthroscopic surgery in 1 SJ to induce osteoarthritis via cranial cruciate ligament transection (CrCLt; n = 5), femoral condylar articular cartilage groove creation (6), or release of the caudal horn of the medial meniscus (5); 5 dogs underwent sham surgery. Synovial tissue specimens were obtained from both stifle joints of each dog 12 weeks after surgery, and <jats:italic>TLR-2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>TLR-4<\/jats:italic> gene expression were determined via real-time reverse transcription PCR assays. Expression of TLR-4 protein was determined via an immunofluorescence technique in additional specimens obtained from osteoarthritic SJs of dogs with cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency and from dogs with nonosteoarthritic SJs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Synovial tissues from CrCLt-treated joints had significantly higher <jats:italic>TLR-4<\/jats:italic> gene expression, compared with the contralateral control SJs or any other joint group. <jats:italic>TLR-2<\/jats:italic> gene expression did not differ significantly among groups. Toll-like receptor-4 protein was detected in synovial tissues of osteoarthritic SJs but was rarely evident in nonosteoarthritic SJs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Increased <jats:italic>TLR-4<\/jats:italic> gene expression in the synovial tissue of SJs with osteoarthritis secondary to CrCLt suggests that activation of innate immunity may play a role in the pathophysiology of SJ osteoarthritis in at least a subset of dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.7.750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]],"date-time":"2010-07-01T20:33:46Z","timestamp":1278016426000},"page":"750-754","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in stifle joint synovial tissues of dogs with or without 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