{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T21:10:20Z","timestamp":1775769020891,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To determine the relationship between serum cortisol concentration and pain severity as measured by force platform gait analysis in dogs with experimentally induced synovitis of the stifle joint.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u201410 healthy hound-type dogs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Dogs underwent 2 study phases. In the first phase, serum cortisol concentration, systolic arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and gait data were obtained at 0 (first sample), 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 hours. In the second phase, the same data were gathered immediately before (0 hours) and 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 hours after induction of acute urate synovitis in the left stifle joint. Data were statistically evaluated to compare changes in variable values over time and to determine the accuracy of serum cortisol measurements for diagnosis of acute orthopedic pain.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Following induction of synovitis, ground reaction forces were significantly decreased relative to preinduction values at 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 hours and serum cortisol concentration was significantly increased at 2.5 hours. A cortisol concentration of \u2265 1.6 \u03bcg\/dL indicated pain with a 91% sensitivity and 35% specificity.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014In this model, cortisol concentration may be useful for diagnosing pain in dogs. Although, with a cutoff of \u2265 1.6 \u03bcg\/dL, pain would be detected in most dogs with pain, some pain-free dogs would also be identified as having pain. Conversely, dogs with a serum cortisol of &lt; 1.6 \u03bcg\/dL would be unlikely to have pain. Validation of this diagnostic test in a large, heterogeneous group of clinical patients is necessary.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.8.940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,16]],"date-time":"2010-08-16T10:32:22Z","timestamp":1281954742000},"page":"940-945","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Serum cortisol concentration and force plate analysis in the assessment of pain associated with sodium urate\u2013induced acute synovitis in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Judith D.","family":"Feldsien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vicki L.","family":"Wilke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mike G.","family":"Conzemius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1619","article-title":"Correlation between subjective and objective measures used to determine severity of postoperative pain in dogs","volume":"210","author":"Conzemius","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2008.00372.x","article-title":"Relationship between objective and subjective assessment of limb function in normal dogs with an experimentally induced lameness","volume":"37","author":"Waxman","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00276.x","article-title":"Evaluation of agreement between numerical rating scales, visual analogue scoring scales, and force plate gait analysis in dogs","volume":"36","author":"Quinn","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-2995.2003.00090.x","article-title":"A comparison of preoperative tramadol and morphine for the control of early postoperative pain in canine ovariohysterectomy","volume":"30","author":"Mastrocinque","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.1.45","article-title":"Epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine, bupivacaine and fentanyl, or bupivacaine and sufentanil during intravenous administration of propofol for ovariohysterectomy in dogs","volume":"230","author":"Almeida","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1996.tb01377.x","article-title":"Postoperative analgesia for stifle surgery: a comparison of intra-articular bupivacaine, morphine, or saline","volume":"25","author":"Sammarco","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1994.tb00487.x","article-title":"Analgesia in dogs after intercostal thoracotomy: a clinical trial comparing intravenous buprenorphine and interpleural bupivacaine","volume":"23","author":"Conzemius","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Anim Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.2527\/1997.751266x","article-title":"Assessment of acute pain in farm animals using behavioral and physiological measurements","volume":"75","author":"Molony","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"The biology of animal stress: basic principles and implications for animal welfare","author":"Moberg","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(98)90163-1","article-title":"Changes in plasma cortisol 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J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.7.704","article-title":"Kinetic gait and subjective analysis of the effects of a tachykinin receptor antagonist in dogs with sodium urate-induced synovitis","volume":"68","author":"Punke","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2007.02.005","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of firocoxib, carprofen and vedaprofen in a sodium urate crystal induced synovitis model of arthritis in dogs","volume":"84","author":"Hazewinkel","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.503","article-title":"In vitro effects and in vivo efficacy of a novel cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in dogs with experimentally induced synovitis","volume":"65","author":"McCann","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Ther","first-page":"453","article-title":"Effect of deracoxib, a new COX-2 inhibitor, on the prevention of lameness induced by chemical synovitis in dogs","volume":"3","author":"Millis","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"626","article-title":"Kinetic gait analysis assessment of meloxicam efficacy in a sodium urate-induced synovitis model in dogs","volume":"58","author":"Cross","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"365","article-title":"Vertical ground reaction force distribution during experimentally induced acute synovitis in dogs","volume":"54","author":"Rumph","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Vet Ther","first-page":"41","article-title":"Firocoxib efficacy preventing urate-induced synovitis, pain, and inflammation in dogs","volume":"8","author":"Drag","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879700900307","article-title":"Validation of nonradioactive chemiluminescent immunoassay methods for the analysis of thyroxine and cortisol in blood samples obtained from dogs, cats, and horses","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Prev Vet Med","first-page":"4523","article-title":"Principles and practical application of the receiver-operating characteristic analysis for diagnostic tests","author":"Greiner","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03681.x","article-title":"Relationship between physiological factors and clinical pain in dogs scored using a numerical rating scale","volume":"39","author":"Holton","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-36-5-448","article-title":"Assessing the efficacy of perioperative carprofen administration in dogs undergoing surgical repair of a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament","volume":"36","author":"Reese","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00314.x","article-title":"Comparison of analgesic efficacy of preoperative or postoperative carprofen with or without preincisional mepivacaine epidural anesthesia in canine pelvic or femoral fracture repair","volume":"36","author":"Bergmann","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2006.00310.x","article-title":"Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of transdermal fentanyl patches for the relief of post-operative pain in dogs after anterior cruciate ligament and pelvic limb 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modification","volume":"6","author":"Krieger","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Endocrinology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-110-5-1641","article-title":"Pattern of plasma cortisol during the 24-hour sleep\/wake cycle in the rhesus monkey","volume":"110","author":"Quabbe","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"J Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0810135","article-title":"Ultradian and circadian rhythms in the plasma concentration of cortisol in sheep","volume":"81","author":"Fulkerson","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"Endocrinology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-109-6-2208","article-title":"Twenty-four-hour secretory pattern of cortisol in the bull: evidence of episodic secretion and circadian rhythm","volume":"109","author":"Thun","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Acta Vet Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03547402","article-title":"Peripheral plasma levels of corticosteroids in normal beagles and greyhounds measured by a rapid competitive protein binding technique","volume":"14","author":"Richkind","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"J Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1030219","article-title":"Evidence for episodic but not circadian activity in plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotrophin, cortisol and thyroxine in dogs","volume":"103","author":"Kemppainen","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1766","article-title":"Canine plasma cortisol (hydrocortisone) measured by radioimmunoassay: clinical absence of diurnal variation and results of ACTH stimulation and dexamethasone suppression tests","volume":"39","author":"Johnston","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Endocrinology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-109-1-262","article-title":"A model of human sleep-related growth hormone secretion in dogs: effects of 3, 6, and 12 hours of forced wakefulness on plasma growth hormone, cortisol, and sleep stages","volume":"109","author":"Takahashi","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1619","article-title":"Correlation between subjective and objective measures used to determine severity of postoperative pain in dogs","volume":"210","author":"Conzemius","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2008.00372.x","article-title":"Relationship between objective and subjective assessment of limb function in normal dogs with an experimentally induced lameness","volume":"37","author":"Waxman","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00276.x","article-title":"Evaluation of agreement between numerical rating scales, visual analogue scoring scales, and force plate gait analysis in dogs","volume":"36","author":"Quinn","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-2995.2003.00090.x","article-title":"A comparison of preoperative tramadol and morphine for the control of early postoperative pain in canine ovariohysterectomy","volume":"30","author":"Mastrocinque","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.1.45","article-title":"Epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine, bupivacaine and fentanyl, or bupivacaine and sufentanil during intravenous administration of propofol for ovariohysterectomy in dogs","volume":"230","author":"Almeida","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1996.tb01377.x","article-title":"Postoperative analgesia for stifle surgery: a comparison of intra-articular bupivacaine, morphine, or saline","volume":"25","author":"Sammarco","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1994.tb00487.x","article-title":"Analgesia in dogs after intercostal thoracotomy: a clinical trial comparing intravenous buprenorphine and interpleural bupivacaine","volume":"23","author":"Conzemius","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Anim Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.2527\/1997.751266x","article-title":"Assessment of acute pain in farm animals using behavioral and physiological 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urate crystal induced synovitis model of arthritis in dogs","volume":"84","author":"Hazewinkel","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.503","article-title":"In vitro effects and in vivo efficacy of a novel cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in dogs with experimentally induced synovitis","volume":"65","author":"McCann","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Ther","first-page":"453","article-title":"Effect of deracoxib, a new COX-2 inhibitor, on the prevention of lameness induced by chemical synovitis in dogs","volume":"3","author":"Millis","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"626","article-title":"Kinetic gait analysis assessment of meloxicam efficacy in a sodium urate-induced synovitis model in dogs","volume":"58","author":"Cross","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"365","article-title":"Vertical ground reaction 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