{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T11:54:15Z","timestamp":1791028455888,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate the use of serum biomarkers of cartilage and bone metabolism to predict the occurrence and severity of osteochondrosis (OC) lesions in the distal portion of the femur in growing swine.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201471 gilts.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014At an abattoir, serum samples for analysis of 10 biomarkers indicative of cartilage and bone metabolism were obtained prior to processing of the pigs. The distal portion of each pig's left femur was directly examined and cut into longitudinal sections to evaluate the number and severity of abnormalities on the external surface, articular cartilage, and growth plate. Each specimen was categorized as with (n = 56) or without (15) OC, and an overall OC severity score was assigned to affected pigs. Logistic and linear regression analyses were performed to predict odds of OC on the basis of biomarker concentrations and predict the severity of OC values in affected pigs, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Compared with values in unaffected pigs, serum concentrations of C-propeptide of type II collagen (CPII) and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein were significantly increased and concentrations of carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen 3\/4-length fragment (C2C) and pyridinoline cross-links were significantly decreased in affected pigs. A 2-fold increase in CPII concentration increased the odds of pigs having OC by a factor of 97 (95% confidence interval, 6 to infinity). Changes in serum C2C concentration accounted for 49% of the variation in overall OC severity score.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Assessment of serum biomarker concentrations may be useful in the diagnosis of OC and aid in reduction of lameness in swine herds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.8.946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,16]],"date-time":"2010-08-16T16:51:34Z","timestamp":1281977494000},"page":"946-952","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Use of serum biomarkers to predict the development and severity of osteochondrosis lesions in the distal portion of the femur in pigs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Nolan. Z.","family":"Frantz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim G.","family":"Friesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon A.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Tokach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Yamka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom L.","family":"Loughin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jim L.","family":"Nelssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve S.","family":"Dritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(98)50002-2","article-title":"The pathology of osteochondrosis","volume":"28","author":"Ekman","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"180","article-title":"Normal cartilage development and the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis, in Proceedings","volume":"34","author":"Carlson","year":"2003"},{"issue":"(suppl E)","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Anim Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E166","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.8413_supplE166x","article-title":"Selection for sow longevity","volume":"84","author":"Serenius","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Anim Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.81122915x","article-title":"Bioeconomic evaluation of sow longevity and profitability","volume":"81","author":"Rodriguez-Zas","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Anim Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3118","DOI":"10.2527\/2004.82113118x","article-title":"Genetics of osteochondral disease and its relationship with meat quality and quantity, growth, and feed conversion traits in pigs","volume":"82","author":"Kadarmideen","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Anim Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357729800055442","article-title":"Genetic parameters for osteochondrosis in Danish landrace and Yorkshire boars and correlations with leg weakness and production traits","volume":"71","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.2004.00621.x","article-title":"The effect of parentage on the prevalence, severity, and location of lesions of osteochondrosis in swine","volume":"51","author":"Ytrehus","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Vet Q","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1980.9693755","article-title":"Osteochondrosis in six breeds of slaughter pigs. I. A morphological investigation of the status of osteochondrosis in relation to breed and level of feeding","volume":"2","author":"Goedegebuure","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"396","article-title":"Effect of reduced growth rate on the prevalence and severity of osteochondrosis in gilts","volume":"49","author":"Carlson","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Can J Vet Res","first-page":"154","article-title":"Involvement of trauma in the pathogenesis of osteochondritis dissecans in swine","volume":"52","author":"Nakano","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Acta Radiol Suppl","first-page":"91","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D and A, calcium, phosphorus, and protein on frequency and severity of osteochondrosis in pigs","volume":"(358)","author":"Reiland","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Can J Anim Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas83-051","article-title":"Effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin C on pig performance and the incidence of osteochondrosis in elbow and stifle joints in young growing swine","volume":"63","author":"Nakano","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588702400202","article-title":"Effect of diet on longitudinal bone growth and osteochondrosis in swine","volume":"24","author":"Woodard","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Genetics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.105.040956","article-title":"Evidence of a major gene from Bayesian segregation analysis of liability to osteochondral diseases in pigs","volume":"171","author":"Kadarmideen","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Dynamics of bone and cartilage metabolism","first-page":"453","article-title":"Body fluid markers of cartilage metabolism","author":"Thonar","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.219.756","article-title":"Synovial fluid markers of osteoarthritis in dogs","volume":"219","author":"Fox","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Can J Comp Med","first-page":"188","article-title":"Age related changes and osteochondrosis in swine articular and epiphyseal cartilage: light and electron microscopy","volume":"45","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Can J Comp Med","first-page":"219","article-title":"Cartilage proteoglycans from normal and osteochondrotic porcine joints","volume":"49","author":"Nakano","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Cell Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.107.1.47","article-title":"Characterization of articular and growth plate cartilage collagens in porcine osteochondrosis","volume":"107","author":"Wardale","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Arthritis Rheum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200005)43:5<953::AID-ANR1>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Molecular basis and clinical use of biochemical markers of bone, cartilage, and synovium in joint diseases","volume":"43","author":"Garnero","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Ann Rheum Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.60.6.619","article-title":"Cross sectional evaluation of biochemical markers of bone, cartilage, and synovial tissue metabolism in patients with knee osteoarthritis: relations with disease activity and joint damage","volume":"60","author":"Garnero","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2174\/1573397052954181","article-title":"Assessment of disease activity and progression of osteoarthritis with using molecular markers of cartilage and synovium turnover","volume":"1","author":"Ofluoglu","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.2002.0812","article-title":"Elevation of a collagenase generated type II collagen neoepitope and proteoglycan epitopes in synovial fluid following induction of joint instability in the dog","volume":"10","author":"Chu","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.2002.0820","article-title":"Biomarkers of joint tissue metabolism in canine osteoarthritic and arthritic joint disorders","volume":"10","author":"Hegemann","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"306","article-title":"Measurement of synovial fluid and serum concentrations of the 846 epitope of chondroitin sulfate and of carboxy propeptides of type II procollagen for diagnosis of osteochondral fragmentation in horses","volume":"60","author":"Frisbie","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.143","article-title":"Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals","volume":"65","author":"Billinghurst","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"J Orthop Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100180311","article-title":"Alterations in cartilage type-II procollagen and aggrecan contents in synovial fluid in equine osteochondrosis","volume":"18","author":"Laverty","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0442.2001.00392.x","article-title":"Comparison of blood markers for the longitudinal monitoring of osteoclastic activity in the pig","volume":"48","author":"Weiler","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"J Anim Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.2527\/1996.74112719x","article-title":"The determination of serum concentrations of osteocalcin in growing pigs and its relationship to end-measures of bone mineralization","volume":"74","author":"Carter","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"J Anim Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.8451138x","article-title":"Impact of supplement withdrawal and wheat middling inclusion on bone metabolism, bone strength, and the incidence of bone fractures occurring at slaughter in pigs","volume":"84","author":"Shaw","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2002024","article-title":"Differences in metabolic parameters and gene expression related to osteochondrosis\/osteoarthrosis in pigs fed 25-hydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"33","author":"Jefferies","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Transformation and weighting in regression","first-page":"115","article-title":"The transform-both-sides methodology","author":"Carroll","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Livest Prod Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-6226(95)00056-Q","article-title":"Osteochondrosis and leg weakness in pigs selected for lean tissue growth rate","volume":"44","author":"Stern","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"J Clin Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI4853","article-title":"Evidence for altered synthesis of type II collagen in patients with osteoarthritis","volume":"102","author":"Nelson","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Arthritis Rheum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200101)44:1<120::AID-ANR16>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Early degradation of type IX and type II collagen with the onset of experimental inflammatory arthritis","volume":"44","author":"Kojima","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Arthritis Rheum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22843","article-title":"Early changes in serum type II collagen biomarkers predict radiographic progression at one year in inflammatory arthritis patients after biologic therapy","volume":"56","author":"Mullan","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Cell Tissue Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-003-0702-8","article-title":"Stimulation of type II collagen biosynthesis and secretion in bovine chondrocytes cultured with degraded collagen","volume":"311","author":"Oesser","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"J Clin Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117753","article-title":"Cartilage and bone metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis. Differences between rapid and slow progression of disease identified by serum markers of cartilage metabolism","volume":"95","author":"M\u00e5nsson","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Dynamics of bone and cartilage metabolism","first-page":"301","article-title":"Products of cartilage metabolism","author":"Manicourt","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"J Clin Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117314","article-title":"Changes in cartilage metabolism in arthritis are reflected by altered serum and synovial fluid levels of the cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan: implications for pathogenesis","volume":"94","author":"Poole","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Arthritis Rheum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199904)42:3<534::AID-ANR19>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Changes in joint cartilage aggrecan after knee injury and in osteoarthritis","volume":"42","author":"Lohmander","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Arthritis Rheum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199911)42:11<2356::AID-ANR14>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein reflects osteoarthritis presence and severity","volume":"42","author":"Clark","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.2002.0819","article-title":"Serum levels of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) correlate with radiographic progression of knee osteoarthritis","volume":"10","author":"Vilim","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"Arthritis Res Ther [serial online]","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R108","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2314","article-title":"Cartilage markers and their association with cartilage loss on magnetic resonance imaging in knee osteoarthritis: the Boston Osteoarthritis Knee Study","volume":"9","author":"Hunter","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"Ann Rheum Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2003.019992","article-title":"Prognostic laboratory markers of joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"64","author":"Lindqvist","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"Br J Rheumatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/33.9.816","article-title":"Urinary hydroxypyridinium crosslinks of collagen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: relation to disease activity and effects of methylprednisolone","volume":"33","author":"Kollerup","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol","first-page":"430","article-title":"Serum concentrations of type II collagen biomarkers (C2C, C1, 2C, and CPII) suggest different pathologies in patients with hip osteoarthritis","volume":"26","author":"Conrozier","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref48","series-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2008.07.014","article-title":"Osteochondral injury increases type II collagen degradation products (C2C) in synovial fluid of Thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"17","author":"Trumble","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref49","series-title":"Arthritis Rheum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3130","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11326","article-title":"The release of cross-linked peptides from type II collagen into human synovial fluid is increased soon after joint injury and in osteoarthritis","volume":"48","author":"Lohmander","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref50","series-title":"Arthritis Rheum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200201)46:1<21::AID-ART10061>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Association of baseline levels of urinary glucosyl-galactosyl-pyridinoline and type II collagen C-telopeptide with progression of joint destruction in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"46","author":"Garnero","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref51","series-title":"Arthritis Rheum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20332","article-title":"A new marker for osteoarthritis: cross-sectional and longitudinal approach","volume":"50","author":"Reijman","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref52","series-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.2000.0349","article-title":"Cross-sectional evaluation comparison of synovial fluid biochemical markers in equine osteoarthritis and the correlation of these markers with articular cartilage damage","volume":"9","author":"Fuller","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref53","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2003.tb00323.x","article-title":"Biochemical markers of bone metabolism in animals: uses and limitations","volume":"32","author":"Allen","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/71\/8\/ajvr.71.8.946.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/71\/8\/ajvr.71.8.946.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/71\/8\/ajvr.71.8.946.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:25:25Z","timestamp":1741350325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/71\/8\/ajvr.71.8.946.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.71.8.946","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]}}}