{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:41:29Z","timestamp":1791402089298,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To compare analgesic effects of tramadol, codeine, and ketoprofen administered alone and in combination and their effects on concentrations of blood glucose, serum cortisol, and serum interleukin (IL)-6 in dogs undergoing maxillectomy or mandibulectomy.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u201442 dogs with oral neoplasms.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u201430 minutes before the end of surgery, dogs received SC injections of tramadol (2 mg\/kg), codeine (2 mg\/kg), ketoprofen (2 mg\/kg), tramadol + ketoprofen, or codeine + ketoprofen (at the aforementioned dosages). Physiologic variables, analgesia, and sedation were measured before (baseline) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 24 hours after surgery. Blood glucose, serum cortisol, and serum IL-6 concentrations were measured 1, 3, 5, and 24 hours after administration of analgesics.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014All treatments provided adequate postoperative analgesia. Significant increases in mean \u00b1 SD blood glucose concentrations were detected in dogs receiving tramadol (96 \u00b1 14 mg\/dL), codeine (120 \u00b1 66 mg\/dL and 96 \u00b1 21 mg\/dL), ketoprofen (105 \u00b1 22 mg\/dL), and codeine + ketoprofen (104 \u00b1 16 mg\/dL) at 5, 1 and 3, 5, and 3 hours after analgesic administration, respectively, compared with preoperative (baseline) values. There were no significant changes in physiologic variables, serum IL-6 concentrations, or serum cortisol concentrations. Dogs administered codeine + ketoprofen had light but significant sedation at 4, 5, and 24 hours.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Opioids alone or in combination with an NSAID promoted analgesia without adverse effects during the 24-hour postoperative period in dogs undergoing maxillectomy or mandibulectomy for removal of oral neoplasms. (\n                    <jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic>\n                    2010;71:1019\u20131026)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.9.1019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]],"date-time":"2010-09-01T03:12:57Z","timestamp":1283310777000},"page":"1019-1026","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Comparison of the effects of tramadol, codeine, and ketoprofen alone or in combination on postoperative pain and on concentrations of blood glucose, serum cortisol, and serum interleukin-6 in dogs undergoing maxillectomy or mandibulectomy"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Teresinha L.","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia A. 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