{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:35:51Z","timestamp":1778279751940,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To evaluate the effects of thiopental, propofol, and etomidate on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measured by the use of dynamic computed tomography in dogs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u201417 healthy Beagles.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Dogs were randomly assigned to receive 2 mg of etomidate\/kg (n = 5), 6 mg of propofol\/kg (7), or 15 mg of thiopental\/kg (5) during induction of anesthesia; anesthesia was subsequently maintained by isoflurane evaporated in 100% oxygen. A 1 mL\/kg dosage of a 300 mg\/mL solution of iohexol was administered at a rate of 3 mL\/s during GFR measurement. Regions of interest of the right kidney were manually drawn to exclude vessels and fatty tissues and highlight the abdominal portion of the aorta. Iohexol clearance per unit volume of the kidney was calculated by use of Patlak plot analysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Mean \u00b1 SD weight-adjusted GFR of the right kidney after induction of anesthesia with thiopental, propofol, and etomidate was 2.04 \u00b1 0.36 mL\/min\/kg, 2.06 \u00b1 0.29 mL\/min\/kg, and 2.14 \u00b1 0.43 mL\/min\/kg, respectively. However, no significant differences in weight-adjusted GFR were detected among the treatment groups.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Results obtained for the measurement of GFR in anesthetized dogs after anesthetic induction with etomidate, propofol, or thiopental and maintenance with isoflurane did not differ significantly. Therefore, etomidate, propofol, or thiopental can be used in anesthesia-induction protocols that involve the use of isoflurane for maintenance of anesthesia without adversely affecting GFR measurements obtained by the use of dynamic computed tomography in dogs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.1.146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T03:03:24Z","timestamp":1293851004000},"page":"146-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evaluation of the effects of thiopental, propofol, and etomidate on glomerular filtration rate measured by the use of dynamic computed tomography in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Jinhwa","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sujin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joohyun","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heechun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongwoo","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youngwon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inhyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junghee","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mincheol","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2006.00118.x","article-title":"Determination of glomerular filtration rate in dogs using contrast-enhanced computed tomography","volume":"47","author":"O'Dell-Anderson","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"The kidney: structure and function in health and disease","first-page":"47","article-title":"The inulin clearance as a measure of glomerular filtration","author":"Smith","year":"1955"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(95)90044-6","article-title":"A simple method for measuring glomerular filtration rate in dogs","volume":"59","author":"Gleadhill","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1999.tb00883.x","article-title":"Renal nuclear medicine: a review","volume":"40","author":"Daniel","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Invest Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-199007000-00005","article-title":"Measurement of renal function with iohexol\u2014a comparison of iohexol, 99mTc-DTPA, and 51Cr-EDTA clearance","volume":"25","author":"Effersoe","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Crit Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200108000-00008","article-title":"Plasma clearance of iodine contrast media as a measure of glomerular filtration rate in critically ill patients","volume":"29","author":"Erley","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ctsap.2004.12.005","article-title":"Glomerular filtration rate and renal scintigraphy","volume":"20","author":"Kerl","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Vet 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on the induction of anesthesia and on cardiopulmonary parameters in dogs","volume":"35","author":"Sams","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1983.1","article-title":"Graphical evaluation of blood-to-brain transfer multiple-time uptake","volume":"3","author":"Patlak","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Br J Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.72.854.10365065","article-title":"CT derived Patlak images of the human kidney","volume":"72","author":"Miles","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Am J Kidney Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(99)70230-1","article-title":"Use of contrast-enhanced computed tomography to measure clearance per unit renal volume","volume":"33","author":"Tsushima","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Functional computed 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system","author":"Prough","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Canine and feline nephrology and urology","first-page":"29","article-title":"Applied physiology of the kidney","author":"Finco","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Am J Cardiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14K","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.01.020","article-title":"Pathophysiology of contrast-induced nephropathy","volume":"98","author":"Tumlin","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Invest Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-199706000-00001","article-title":"Comparison of iodinated contrast media-induced renal vasoconstriction in human, rabbit, dog, and pig arteries","volume":"32","author":"Rauch","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(96)90004-1","article-title":"Evaluation of iohexol as a marker for the clinical measurement of glomerular filtration rate in dogs","volume":"60","author":"Gleadhill","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Am J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1961.200.4.878","article-title":"Effect of hyperventilation on glomerular filtration and renal plasma flow","volume":"200","author":"Kanter","year":"1961"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"557","article-title":"Regional blood flow during isoflurane and halothane anesthesia","volume":"63","author":"Gelman","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2006.00118.x","article-title":"Determination of glomerular filtration rate in dogs using contrast-enhanced computed tomography","volume":"47","author":"O'Dell-Anderson","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"The kidney: structure and function in health and disease","first-page":"47","article-title":"The inulin clearance 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Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200108000-00008","article-title":"Plasma clearance of iodine contrast media as a measure of glomerular filtration rate in critically ill patients","volume":"29","author":"Erley","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ctsap.2004.12.005","article-title":"Glomerular filtration rate and renal scintigraphy","volume":"20","author":"Kerl","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"446","article-title":"Effects of three sedative protocols on glomerular filtration rate in clinically normal dogs","volume":"58","author":"Newell","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00970.x","article-title":"The effect of a combination of medetomidine-butorphanol and medetomidine, butorphanol, atropine on glomerular filtration rate in dogs","volume":"42","author":"Grimm","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.590","article-title":"Effects of acepromazine on renal function in anesthetized dogs","volume":"64","author":"Bostr\u00f6m","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.8.807","article-title":"Influence of three anesthetic protocols on glomerular filtration rate in dogs","volume":"68","author":"Fusellier","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.3.297","article-title":"Single-slice dynamic computed tomographic determination of glomerular filtration rate by use of Patlak plot analysis in anesthetized pigs","volume":"68","author":"Alexander","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Functional computed tomography","first-page":"1","article-title":"Introduction to functional computed tomography","author":"Dawson","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(99)50059-4","article-title":"Propofol anesthesia","volume":"29","author":"Short","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Lumb & Jones' veterinary anesthesia and analgesia","first-page":"273","article-title":"Injectable and alternative anesthetic techniques","author":"Branson","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(92)50602-7","article-title":"Advantages and guidelines for using ultrashort barbiturates for induction of anesthesia","volume":"22","author":"Ilkiw","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"144","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary effects of thiopental\/lidocaine combination during anesthetic induction in the dog","volume":"44","author":"Rawlings","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"193","article-title":"Comparison of the cardiopulmonary effects of etomidate and thiamylal in dogs","volume":"40","author":"Nagel","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2008.00417.x","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of propofol and etomidate on the induction of anesthesia and on cardiopulmonary parameters in dogs","volume":"35","author":"Sams","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1983.1","article-title":"Graphical evaluation of blood-to-brain transfer multiple-time uptake","volume":"3","author":"Patlak","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Br J Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.72.854.10365065","article-title":"CT derived Patlak images of the human kidney","volume":"72","author":"Miles","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Am J Kidney Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(99)70230-1","article-title":"Use of contrast-enhanced computed tomography to measure clearance per unit renal volume","volume":"33","author":"Tsushima","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Functional computed tomography","first-page":"117","article-title":"Measurement of renal function by CT","author":"Dawson","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Lumb & Jones' veterinary anesthesia and analgesia","first-page":"915","article-title":"Renal disease","author":"Greene","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"598","article-title":"Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of three rapidly acting barbiturates in dogs","volume":"51","author":"Turner","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1137","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory and anesthetic effects of propofol and thiopental in dogs","volume":"59","author":"Quandt","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Textbook of medical physiology","first-page":"410","article-title":"Renal mechanism for control and excretion","author":"Guyton","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Clinical anesthesia","first-page":"1125","article-title":"Anesthesia and the renal system","author":"Prough","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Canine and feline nephrology and urology","first-page":"29","article-title":"Applied physiology of the kidney","author":"Finco","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Am J Cardiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14K","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.01.020","article-title":"Pathophysiology of contrast-induced 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