{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:42:22Z","timestamp":1793212942362,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate enterotoxin production, enterotoxin gene distribution, and genetic diversity of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> in milk obtained from cows with subclinical mastitis.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Sample<\/jats:bold>\u2014Milk samples obtained from 350 cows (1,354 mammary glands) on 11 Wisconsin dairy farms.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Of 252 <jats:italic>S aureus<\/jats:italic> isolates obtained from 146 cows, 83 isolates (from 66 cows with subclinical mastitis) were compared genotypically by use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and via PCR identification of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (<jats:italic>TSST-1<\/jats:italic>) and classical <jats:italic>S aureus<\/jats:italic> enterotoxin genes (<jats:italic>sea, seb, sec, sed<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>see<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Among the 83 <jats:italic>S aureus<\/jats:italic> isolates, \u2265 1 enterotoxin genes were identified in 8 (9.6%). Enterotoxin gene distribution was as follows: <jats:italic>TSST-1, 7<\/jats:italic> isolates (8.4%); <jats:italic>sec<\/jats:italic>, 5 isolates (6.0%); and <jats:italic>sed<\/jats:italic>, 2 isolates (2.4%). Enterotoxin genes <jats:italic>sea, seb<\/jats:italic>, and see were not identified. Twelve pulsotypes and 5 subtypes were identified among the 83 isolates; 5 of the 12 pulsotypes were represented by only 1 isolate. In cows of 1 herd, only a single <jats:italic>S aureus<\/jats:italic> pulsotype was detected; in cows on most other farms, a variety of pulsotypes were identified. One pulsotype was recovered from 4 farms (n = 23 cows) and another from 5 other farms (16). Isolates with an enterotoxin gene were represented by 6 pulsotypes.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014<jats:italic>S aureus<\/jats:italic> classical enterotoxins and <jats:italic>TSST-1<\/jats:italic> were rarely recovered from milk samples obtained from cows with subclinical mastitis in Wisconsin. Diverse pulsotypes of <jats:italic>S aureus<\/jats:italic> were detected within and among farms, indicating that different strains of <jats:italic>S aureus<\/jats:italic> cause subclinical mastitis in dairy cows.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.10.1361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]],"date-time":"2011-10-01T07:04:01Z","timestamp":1317452641000},"page":"1361-1368","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Enterotoxin production, enterotoxin gene distribution, and genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from milk of cows with subclinical mastitis"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Leane","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Hulland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela L.","family":"Ruegg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Dairy Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75591-2","article-title":"Incidence of clinical mastitis in dairy herds grouped in three categories by bulk milk somatic cell counts","volume":"81","author":"Barkema","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet MedAssoc","first-page":"323","article-title":"Prevalence of udder infections and mastitis in 50 California dairy herds","volume":"193","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Dairy Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3466","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73951-4","article-title":"Results of milk samples submitted for microbiological examination in Wisconsin from 1994 to 2001","volume":"86","author":"Makovec","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.106.21.431","article-title":"A survey of mastitis in the British dairy herd","volume":"106","author":"Wilson","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Hoard's Dairyman","first-page":"1100","article-title":"Mobile lab hits the road to help northwest dairymen","volume":"127","author":"Fluharty","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30615-0","article-title":"Contagious mastitis","volume":"9","author":"Fox","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.5.959-964.2001","article-title":"Toxin genes and other characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk of cows with mastitis","volume":"8","author":"Akineden","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Appl Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2000.01071.x","article-title":"Molecular population and virulence factor analysis of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine intramammary infection","volume":"88","author":"Fiztgerald","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Infect Immun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6088","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.10.6088-6094.2003","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a new staphylococcal enterotoxin-related putative toxin encoded by two kinds of plasmids","volume":"71","author":"Omoe","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Food-borne infections and intoxications","first-page":"443","article-title":"Staphylococcal intoxications","author":"Bergdoll","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"JAMA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1984.03340280037024","article-title":"Staphylococcal food poisoning in the United States. 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