{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:33:45Z","timestamp":1778279625053,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To investigate the effects of acepromazine maleate and morphine on aqueous tear production before, during, and after sevoflurane anesthesia in dogs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u20146 mixed-breed dogs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014In a Latin square study design, dogs underwent IM administration of morphine (1 mg\/kg), acepromazine (0.05 mg\/kg), or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (0.05 mL\/kg), followed by induction and maintenance of anesthesia with sevoflurane for 30 minutes. The protocol was repeated until all dogs had received all treatments, with a minimum of 7 days between anesthetic episodes. Aqueous tear production was measured via Schirmer tear test I before treatment (baseline); before anesthetic induction; 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after anesthetic induction; immediately once dogs recovered from anesthesia; and 2 and 10 hours after recovery.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Aqueous tear production for all treatments was significantly lower 10, 20, and 30 minutes (but not 5 minutes) after anesthetic induction than at baseline, before anesthetic induction, at recovery, and 2 and 10 hours after recovery. Aqueous tear production was significantly higher after saline solution administration than after morphine administration at the preinduction measurement point and 2 hours after recovery. No other differences were detected among the 3 treatments.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Aqueous tear production after anesthesia did not differ significantly from baseline values after any treatment following 30 minutes of sevoflurane anesthesia, suggesting premedication with morphine or acepromazine does not contribute to a decrease in lacrimation in these circumstances.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.11.1427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,24]],"date-time":"2011-10-24T14:06:08Z","timestamp":1319465168000},"page":"1427-1430","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Effects of acepromazine maleate or morphine on tear production before, during, and after sevoflurane anesthesia in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Meredith C.","family":"Mouney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Accola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeannette","family":"Cremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Molly K.","family":"Shepard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Rodriguez Guarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik H.","family":"Hofmeister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Veterinary ophthalmology","first-page":"150","article-title":"Physiology of the eye","author":"Gum","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-34-1-79","article-title":"The fluctuation of tear production in the dog","volume":"34","author":"Berger","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-36-5-427","article-title":"Evaluation of aqueous tear production in dogs following general anesthesia","volume":"36","author":"Herring","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Ophthal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2005.00432.x","article-title":"Effects of medetomidine and medetomidine-butorphanol combination on Schirmer tear test 1 readings in dogs","volume":"9","author":"Sanchez","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.1998.00005.x","article-title":"Effects of intramuscular sedative and opioid combinations on tear production in dogs","volume":"1","author":"Dodam","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2009.00738.x","article-title":"Effect of acepromazine or xylazine on tear production as measured by Schirmer tear test in normal cats","volume":"13","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1006","article-title":"Decreased tear production associated with general anesthesia in the dog","volume":"174","author":"Vestre","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Arch Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1977.04450010107010","article-title":"Decreased basal tear production associated with general anesthesia","volume":"95","author":"Krupin","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.5.608","article-title":"Effect of duration and type of anesthetic on tear production in dogs","volume":"72","author":"Shepard","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1336","article-title":"Health status and population characteristics of dogs and cats examined at private veterinary practices in the United States","volume":"214","author":"Lund","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.700","article-title":"Anesthetic indices of sevoflurane and isoflurane in unpremedicated dogs","volume":"225","author":"Galloway","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Handbook of veterinary anesthesia","first-page":"15","article-title":"Drugs used for preanesthetic medication","author":"Muir","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/87.5.748","article-title":"Inhalation anaesthetics increase heart rate by decreasing cardiac vagal activity in dogs","volume":"87","author":"Picker","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265021507000129","article-title":"The effects of surgical levels of sevoflurane and propofol anaesthesia on heart rate variability","volume":"24","author":"Maenpaa","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Veterinary ophthalmology","first-page":"150","article-title":"Physiology of the eye","author":"Gum","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-34-1-79","article-title":"The fluctuation of tear production in the dog","volume":"34","author":"Berger","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-36-5-427","article-title":"Evaluation of aqueous tear production in dogs following general anesthesia","volume":"36","author":"Herring","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Ophthal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2005.00432.x","article-title":"Effects of medetomidine and medetomidine-butorphanol combination on Schirmer tear test 1 readings in dogs","volume":"9","author":"Sanchez","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.1998.00005.x","article-title":"Effects of intramuscular sedative and opioid combinations on tear production in dogs","volume":"1","author":"Dodam","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2009.00738.x","article-title":"Effect of acepromazine or xylazine on tear production as measured by Schirmer tear test in normal cats","volume":"13","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1006","article-title":"Decreased tear production associated with general anesthesia in the dog","volume":"174","author":"Vestre","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Arch Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1977.04450010107010","article-title":"Decreased basal tear production associated with general anesthesia","volume":"95","author":"Krupin","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.5.608","article-title":"Effect of duration and type of anesthetic on tear production in dogs","volume":"72","author":"Shepard","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1336","article-title":"Health status and population characteristics of dogs and cats examined at private veterinary practices in the United States","volume":"214","author":"Lund","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Am Vet 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variability","volume":"24","author":"Maenpaa","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary 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