{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T01:49:34Z","timestamp":1784080174681,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To quantitatively and qualitatively assess the radiographic appearance of the thorax of clinically normal alpaca crias.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201421 clinically normal alpaca crias.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Left-right lateral (LR), right-left lateral (RL), dorsoventral (DV), and ventrodorsal (VD) projections of the thorax were acquired. To account for differences in cria size, measurements of thoracic structures were compared with other anatomic landmarks.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Mean \u00b1 SD vertebral heart scale was 9.36 \u00b1 0.65 for LR projections, 9.36 \u00b1 0.59 for RL projections, 8.21 \u00b1 0.51 for DV projections, and 8.65 \u00b1 0.57 for VD projections. Dimensions of the heart were compared with the length of the T3 through T5 vertebral bodies, third to fifth rib distance, and thoracic height and width, which provided additional methods of cardiac evaluation. For RL projections, mean ratio of the right cranial pulmonary artery diameter to the third rib width was 0.41 \u00b1 0.10 and mean ratio of the right cranial pulmonary vein to the third rib width was 0.44 \u00b1 0.10. Caudal lobar pulmonary vessels and the caudal vena cava were difficult to quantitatively assess on DV or VD projections. On lateral projections, the trachea was increased in diameter at the origin of the right cranial lobar bronchus. No qualitative differences were found between LR and RL radiographs. The lungs were generally better inflated on VD projections, with more separation of the heart and diaphragm.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Establishment of radiographic values for alpaca crias should prove useful in assessment of thoracic disease in this species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.11.1439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,24]],"date-time":"2011-10-24T18:06:08Z","timestamp":1319479568000},"page":"1439-1448","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Radiographic appearance of the thorax of clinically normal alpaca crias"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Nathan C.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Mattoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Biology, medicine, and surgery of South American camelids: llama, alpaca, vicuna, guanaco","first-page":"295","article-title":"Respiratory system","author":"Fowler","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2009.03.009","article-title":"Camelid cardiology","volume":"25","author":"Margiocco","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00900.x","article-title":"Thoracic radio-graphic appearance in the normal llama","volume":"42","author":"Mattoon","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"194","article-title":"Vertebral scale system to measure canine heart size in radiographs","volume":"206","author":"Buchanan","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"689","article-title":"Vertebral scale system to measure heart size","author":"Buchanan","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.210","article-title":"Vertebral scale system to measure heart size in radiographs of cats","volume":"216","author":"Litster","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2007.00252.x","article-title":"Vertebral heart size in retired racing Greyhounds","volume":"48","author":"Marin","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2005.00073.x","article-title":"Vertebral heart size ranges specific for whippets","volume":"46","author":"Bavegems","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1999.tb00886.x","article-title":"Radiographic measurement of cardiac size in normal ferrets","volume":"40","author":"Stepien","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary anatomy","first-page":"661","article-title":"The thorax of ruminants","author":"Dyce","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary diagnostic radiology","first-page":"489","article-title":"Larynx, pharynx, and trachea","author":"Kneller","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/72\/11\/ajvr.72.11.1439.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/72\/11\/ajvr.72.11.1439.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/72\/11\/ajvr.72.11.1439.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:26:38Z","timestamp":1741350398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/72\/11\/ajvr.72.11.1439.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.72.11.1439","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}}}