{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T17:18:08Z","timestamp":1776532688369,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To provide a detailed computed tomography (CT) reference of the anatomically normal equine stifle joint.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Sample<\/jats:bold>\u201416 hind limbs from 8 equine cadavers; no horses had evidence of orthopedic disease of the stifle joints.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014CT of the stifle joint was performed on 8 hind limbs. In all limbs, CT was also performed after intra-articular injection of 60 mL of contrast material (150 mg of iodine\/mL) in the lateral and medial compartments of the femorotibial joint and 80 mL of contrast material in the femoropatellar joint (CT arthrography). Reformatted CT images in the transverse, parasagittal, and dorsal plane were matched with corresponding anatomic slices of the 8 remaining limbs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014The femur, tibia, and patella were clearly visible. The patellar ligaments, common origin of the tendinous portions of the long digital extensor muscle and peroneus tertius muscle, collateral ligaments, tendinous portion of the popliteus muscle, and cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments could also be consistently evaluated. The cruciate ligaments and the meniscotibial ligaments could be completely assessed in the arthrogram sequences. Margins of the meniscofemoral ligament and the lateral and medial femoropatellar ligaments were difficult to visualize on the precontrast and postcontrast images.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014CT and CT arthrography were used to accurately identify and characterize osseous and soft tissue structures of the equine stifle joint. This technique may be of value when results from other diagnostic imaging techniques are inconclusive. The images provided will serve as a CT reference for the equine stifle joint.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.4.512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]],"date-time":"2011-04-01T10:11:02Z","timestamp":1301652662000},"page":"512-521","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Computed tomographic anatomy of the equine stifle joint"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Elke","family":"Van der Vekens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik H. 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J. van","family":"Bree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jimmy H.","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Adams' lameness in horses","first-page":"737","article-title":"Lameness","author":"Stashak","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Lameness associated with the stifle and pelvic regions","first-page":"387","author":"Dyson","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1984.tb01864.x","article-title":"Interpreting radiographs 3: radiology of the stifle joint of the horse","volume":"16","author":"Jeffcott","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Clinical radiology of the horse","first-page":"285","article-title":"The stifle and tibia","author":"Butler","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"530","article-title":"Radiographic anatomy of the soft tissue attachments of the equine stifle","volume":"37","author":"Maulet","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1990.tb00803.x","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the equine stifle","volume":"31","author":"Penninck","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1996.tb03092.x","article-title":"Ultrasonographic examination of the femorotibial articulation in horses: imaging of the cranial and caudal aspects","volume":"28","author":"Cauvin","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Equine diagnostic ultrasound","first-page":"54","article-title":"Musculoskeletal ultrasonography","author":"Reef","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"How to perform a standardized ultrasonographic examination of the equine stifle","first-page":"212","author":"Hoegaerts","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"520","article-title":"Cross-sectional anatomy and comparative ultrasonography of the equine medial femorotibial joint and its related structures","volume":"37","author":"Hoegaerts","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in the horse","first-page":"197","article-title":"Diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy of the femoropatellar and femorotibial joints","author":"McIlwraith","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1995.tb00230.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine stifle","volume":"36","author":"Holcombe","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Computed tomography and computed tomography arthrography of the equine stifle: technique and preliminary results in 16 clinical cases","first-page":"46","author":"Bergman","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Pferdeheilk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20060218","article-title":"Computed tomographic examination of the locomotor apparatus of horses\u2014a review","volume":"22","author":"Bienert","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"467","article-title":"A comparison of radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of palmar process fractures in foals","volume":"36","author":"Kaneps","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30080-9","article-title":"Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the equine musculoskeletal conditions","volume":"17","author":"Tucker","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1994.tb02071.x","article-title":"Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the normal equine carpus","volume":"35","author":"Kaser-Hotz","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30078-0","article-title":"Physical principles and technical considerations for equine computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"17","author":"Kraft","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Pferdeheilk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM19970604","article-title":"Computed tomography of the stifle region in the horse: a comparison with radiographic, ultrasonographic and arthroscopic evaluation","volume":"13","author":"Tietje","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Anatomie compar\u00e9e des mammif\u00e8res domestiques. 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