{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T05:22:55Z","timestamp":1741411375341,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To measure the effects of tidal volume, ventilatory frequency, and oxygen insufflation flow on the fraction of inspired oxygen in cadaveric horse heads attached to a lung model.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Sample<\/jats:bold>\u20148 heads of equine cadavers.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Each cadaveric horse head was intubated with a nasotracheal tube that extended into the proximal portion of the trachea. Oxygen was delivered through an oxygen catheter contained within and extending to the tip of the nasotracheal tube. The trachea was connected to the lung model by use of a spiral-wound hose with a sampling adaptor. Eight treatment combinations involving 2 tidal volumes (5 and 8 L), 2 ventilatory frequencies (6 and 12 mechanical breathes\/min), and 2 insufflation rates (10 and 15 L\/min) were applied to each head. Hand-drawn inspired gas samples were collected and analyzed for oxygen concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014The fraction of inspired oxygen (measured at mid trachea) ranged from 26.8% to 39.4%. Fraction of inspired oxygen was significantly higher with a smaller tidal volume, lower ventilatory frequency, and higher insufflation rate.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014In the study model, measured fraction of inspired oxygen varied with ventilatory pattern as well as oxygen insufflation rate. Clinically, this information could be beneficial for interpretation of data regarding arterial blood gases and hemoglobin saturation and in making appropriate oxygen insufflation decisions for anesthetized horses that are breathing room air.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.1.134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,28]],"date-time":"2011-12-28T19:37:15Z","timestamp":1325101035000},"page":"134-139","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of tidal volume, ventilatory frequency, and oxygen insufflation flow on the fraction of inspired oxygen in cadaveric horse heads attached to a lung model"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Mariana N.","family":"Crumley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Hodgson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott E.","family":"Kreider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Distribution of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion","first-page":"110","author":"Lumb","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"61","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary dysfunction in anesthetized, laterally recumbent horses","volume":"30","author":"Gillespie","year":"1969"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1989.tb02167.x","article-title":"Ventilation-perfusion relationships in the anaesthetised horse","volume":"21","author":"Nyman","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04280.x","article-title":"Atelectasis causes gas exchange impairment in the anaesthetised 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oxygenation and acid-base status in the horse in lateral recumbency, anesthetized with halothane and efficiency of postanesthetic oxygen administration","volume":"21","author":"De Moor","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"989","article-title":"Arterial blood gas tensions in the horse during recovery from anesthesia","volume":"190","author":"Mason","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"37","article-title":"Alleviation of postanesthetic hypoxemia in the horse","volume":"30","author":"McMurphy","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"219","article-title":"Response to nasopharyngeal oxygen administration in horses with lung disease","volume":"38","author":"Wilson","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1993.tb00374.x","article-title":"Closed-circuit injection isoflurane anesthesia in the horse","volume":"22","author":"Olson","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.9.1081","article-title":"Physiologic effects of nasopharyngeal administration of supplemental oxygen at various flow rates in healthy neonatal foals","volume":"71","author":"Wong","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary 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