{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T21:54:30Z","timestamp":1776376470691,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To design and fabricate fiberglass-reinforced composite (FRC) replicas of a canine radius and compare their mechanical properties with those of radii from dog cadavers.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Sample<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Replicas based on 3 FRC formulations with 33%, 50%, or 60% short-length discontinuous fiberglass by weight (7 replicas\/group) and 5 radii from large (&gt; 30-kg) dog cadavers.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Bones and FRC replicas underwent nondestructive mechanical testing including 4-point bending, axial loading, and torsion and destructive testing to failure during 4-point bending. Axial, internal and external torsional, and bending stiffnesses were calculated. Axial pullout loads for bone screws placed in the replicas and cadaveric radii were also assessed.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Axial, internal and external torsional, and 4-point bending stiffnesses of FRC replicas increased significantly with increasing fiberglass content. The 4-point bending stiffness of 33% and 50% FRC replicas and axial and internal torsional stiffnesses of 33% FRC replicas were equivalent to the cadaveric bone stiffnesses. Ultimate 4-point bending loads did not differ significantly between FRC replicas and bones. Ultimate screw pullout loads did not differ significantly between 33% or 50% FRC replicas and bones. Mechanical property variability (coefficient of variation) of cadaveric radii was approximately 2 to 19 times that of FRC replicas, depending on loading protocols.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Within the range of properties tested, FRC replicas had mechanical properties equivalent to and mechanical property variability less than those of radii from dog cadavers. Results indicated that FRC replicas may be a useful alternative to cadaveric bones for biomechanical testing of canine bone constructs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.1.27","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,28]],"date-time":"2011-12-28T14:37:15Z","timestamp":1325083035000},"page":"27-33","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Development and validation of a canine radius replica for mechanical testing of orthopedic implants"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey P.","family":"Little","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis J.","family":"Marcellin-Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ola L. A.","family":"Harrysson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harvey A.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Mechanical testing of bone and bone-implant interface","first-page":"87","article-title":"Basic facilities and instruments for mechanical testing of bone","author":"Benson","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Ann Biomed Eng","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-008-9568-y","article-title":"Structural properties of a novel design of composite analogue humeri models","volume":"36","author":"Dunlap","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1178","article-title":"Mechanical properties of long bones in dogs","volume":"55","author":"Markel","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2008.06.096","article-title":"Strength analysis of 6 resorbable implant systems: does heating affect the stress-strain curve?","volume":"66","author":"Ricalde","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2006.00191.x","article-title":"Fatigue analysis of plates used for fracture stabilization in small dogs and cats","volume":"35","author":"Hammel","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2001.23344","article-title":"Pullout properties of 3.5-mm AO\/ASIF self-tapping and cortex screws in a uniform synthetic material and in canine bone","volume":"30","author":"Murphy","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2002.33604","article-title":"Are circular external fixators weakened by the use of hemispheric washers?","volume":"31","author":"Marcellin-Little","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.08.013","article-title":"Structural properties of fourth-generation composite femurs and tibias","volume":"41","author":"Heiner","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Appl Biomater","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/jab.770040309","article-title":"Characterization of a synthetic foam as a model for human cancellous bone","volume":"4","author":"Szivek","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00084-4","article-title":"Mechanical validation of whole bone composite femur models","volume":"29","author":"Cristofolini","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00186-4","article-title":"Mechanical validation of whole bone composite tibia models","volume":"33","author":"Cristofolini","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00015-X","article-title":"Structural properties of a new design of composite replicate femurs and tibias","volume":"34","author":"Heiner","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Biomech Eng","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2746369","article-title":"Fracture toughness and fatigue crack propagation rate of short fiber reinforced epoxy composites for analogue cortical bone","volume":"129","author":"Chong","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-07-01-0009","article-title":"Signalment differences in bone mineral content and bone mineral density in canine appendicular bones. 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Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1080\/17453670810016759","article-title":"Effect of long-term preservation on the mechanical properties of cortical bone in goats","volume":"79","author":"van Haaren","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Mater Sci Eng C","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2007.04.022","article-title":"Direct metal fabrication of titanium implants with tailored materials and mechanical properties using electron beam melting technology","volume":"28","author":"Harrysson","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Med Eng Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2007.04.008","article-title":"Prediction of mechanical properties of cortical bone by quantitative computed tomography","volume":"30","author":"Duchemin","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Biomed Mater Eng","first-page":"3","article-title":"Bending and torsion fractures in long 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Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2002.33604","article-title":"Are circular external fixators weakened by the use of hemispheric washers?","volume":"31","author":"Marcellin-Little","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.08.013","article-title":"Structural properties of fourth-generation composite femurs and tibias","volume":"41","author":"Heiner","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Appl Biomater","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/jab.770040309","article-title":"Characterization of a synthetic foam as a model for human cancellous bone","volume":"4","author":"Szivek","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00084-4","article-title":"Mechanical validation of whole bone composite femur 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Traumatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-07-01-0009","article-title":"Signalment differences in bone mineral content and bone mineral density in canine appendicular bones. 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