{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T17:51:19Z","timestamp":1775152279054,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the prevalence of selected virulence genes and the antimicrobial susceptibility of multidrug-resistant (MDR) <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> isolated from diarrheic neonatal calves.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Sample<\/jats:bold>\u201497 <jats:italic>E coli<\/jats:italic> isolates from diarrheic neonatal calves.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014<jats:italic>E coli<\/jats:italic> isolates were tested via PCR assay for 6 virulence genes and susceptibility to 17 drugs belonging to 9 classes. A 2-sample test of proportions was used to make comparisons between proportions of virulent and avirulent MDR isolates.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u201423 of 97 (23.7%) isolates were virulent, and 74 (76.3%) were avirulent. Of the 23 virulent isolates, 15 (65.2%) were positive for K99, 14 (60.9%) for F41, 12 (52.2%) for STa, 9 (39.1%) for Stx1, 6 (26.1%) for intimin, and 0 (0%) for Stx2. Twenty of 23 (87.0%) virulent isolates expressed \u2265 2 virulence genes, and 3 of 23 (13.0%) were positive for 1 virulence factor. Eight of 23 (34.8%) virulent isolates expressed STa, K99, and F41, whereas 1 of 23 (4.4%) was positive for STa, F41, intimin, and Stx1. The second most frequent gene pattern was Stx1 and intimin. Twenty of 23 (87.0%) virulent isolates were MDR; the highest prevalence of resistance was recorded for the macrolide-lincosides, followed by the tetracyclines and penicillins. Also, 17 of 23 (74.0%) virulent isolates were resistant to sulfadimethoxine, and 10 of 23 (43.5%) were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Additionally, 60 of 74 (81.0%) avirulent isolates were MDR.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014The prevalence of multidrug resistance was comparable for virulent and avirulent <jats:italic>E coli<\/jats:italic> isolated from diarrheic neonatal calves. Cephalosporins and aminoglycosides had reasonable susceptibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.12.1944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,23]],"date-time":"2012-11-23T17:26:48Z","timestamp":1353691608000},"page":"1944-1950","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of virulent and avirulent multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic neonatal calves"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Barigye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ablesh","family":"Gautam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Piche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynn P.","family":"Schaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darlene F.","family":"Krogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Olet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Infect Immun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01397-09","article-title":"Heat-stable enterotoxin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli as a vaccine target","volume":"78","author":"Taxt","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(03)00238-4","article-title":"Typing of the eae and espB genes of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli isolates from ruminants","volume":"96","author":"Orden","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.6.1795-1797.1998","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for enterotoxigenic, attaching and effacing, and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains from calves","volume":"36","author":"Franck","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.9.2483-2488.1993","article-title":"Prevalence and some properties of verotoxin (Shiga-like toxin)-producing Escherichia coli in seven different species of healthy domestic animals","volume":"31","author":"Beutin","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Epidemiol Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036079","article-title":"The epidemiology of infections caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7, other enterohemorrhagic E. coli, and the associated hemolytic uremic syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Griffin","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.3.1099-1108.2004","article-title":"Characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from human patients in Germany over a 3-year period","volume":"42","author":"Beutin","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Int Microbiol","first-page":"269","article-title":"Virulence genes and intimin types of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from cattle and beef products in Argentina","volume":"7","author":"Blanco","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Int J Food Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(98)00163-9","article-title":"Virulence genes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from food, animals and humans","volume":"45","author":"Meng","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Microbes Infect","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2006.02.007","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships among clonal groups of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli as assessed by multi-locus sequence analysis","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Infect Immun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.4.1467-1472.1998","article-title":"Molecular analysis of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli O111:H- proteins which react with sera from patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Voss","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Appl Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02653.x","article-title":"Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli from animals, humans and foods: who's who?","volume":"98","author":"Mainil","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.1.142","article-title":"Diarrheagenic. 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