{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T16:59:03Z","timestamp":1781888343822,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate the role of the semitendinosus muscle in stabilization of the canine stifle joint.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Sample<\/jats:bold>\u2014Left stifle joints collected from cadavers of 8 healthy Beagles.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Left hind limbs, including the pelvis, were collected. To mimic the tensile force of the quadriceps, gastrocnemius, and semitendinosus muscles, wires were placed under strain between the ends of each muscle. A sensor was used to measure the tensile force in each wire. Specimens were tested in the following sequence: cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) intact, CrCL transected, released (tensile force of semitendinosus muscle was released in the CrCL-transected stifle joint), and readjusted (tensile force of semitendinosus muscle was reapplied in the CrCL-transected stifle joint). Specimens were loaded at 65.3% of body weight, and tensile force in the wires as well as the cranial tibial displacement were measured.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Tensile force for the CrCL-transected condition increased significantly, compared with that for the CrCL-intact condition. Mean \u00b1 SD cranial tibial displacement for the CrCL-transected condition was 2.1 \u00b1 1.3 mm, which increased to 7.2 \u00b1 2.3 mm after release of the tensile force in the semitendinosus muscle.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results supported the contention that the semitendinosus muscle is an agonist of the CrCL in the stifle joint of dogs. Moreover, the quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles may be antagonists of the CrCL. These findings suggested that the risk of CrCL rupture may be increased by diseases (such as cauda equina syndrome) associated with a decrease in activity of the semitendinosus muscle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.5.672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,25]],"date-time":"2012-04-25T18:13:49Z","timestamp":1335377629000},"page":"672-680","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["In vitro evaluation of the relationship between the semitendinosus muscle and cranial cruciate ligament in canine cadavers"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Nobuo","family":"Kanno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Amimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasushi","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuji","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Nezu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Yogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Tagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Veterinary anatomy of domestic mammals textbook and colour atlas","first-page":"215","article-title":"Hindlimbs or pelvic limbs","author":"Liebich","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Arthrokinematic approach","first-page":"1","article-title":"Arthrokinematics","author":"Nishizono","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"456","article-title":"Cranial tibial thrust: a primary force in the canine stifle","volume":"183","author":"Slocum","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Textbook of small animal surgery","first-page":"2133","article-title":"Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy","author":"Dejardin","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(93)50082-7","article-title":"Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy for repair of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the canine","volume":"23","author":"Slocum","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"474","article-title":"The tibial compression mechanism: a diagnostic aid in stifle injuries","volume":"14","author":"Henderson","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658601400114","article-title":"Strain within the anterior cruciate ligament during hamstring and quadriceps activity","volume":"14","author":"Renstr\u00f6m","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000180404.86078.ff","article-title":"Muscle, ligament, and joint-contact forces at the knee during walking","volume":"37","author":"Shelburne","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-009-0813-1","article-title":"Prevention of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer players. Part 1: mechanisms of injury and underlying risk factors","volume":"17","author":"Alentorn-Geli","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318190bddb","article-title":"The relationship of hamstrings and quadriceps strength to anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes","volume":"19","author":"Myer","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465030310021401","article-title":"The soleus muscle acts as an agonist for the anterior cruciate ligament. An in vitro experimental study","volume":"31","author":"Elias","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Orthop Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00057-2","article-title":"The gastrocnemius muscle is an antagonist of the anterior cruciate ligament","volume":"19","author":"Fleming","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"41","article-title":"Can muscle co-contraction protect knee ligaments after injury or repair?","volume":"75","author":"O'Connor","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Open Biomed Eng J","first-page":"99","article-title":"Anterior cruciate ligament injury: compensation during gait using hamstring muscle activity","volume":"10","author":"Catalfamo","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199072060-00012","article-title":"Gait adaptations by patients who have a deficient anterior cruciate ligament","volume":"72","author":"Berchuck","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00047-6","article-title":"The effect of hamstring muscle compensation for anterior laxity in the ACL-deficient knee during gait","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"381","article-title":"Noninvasive kinematic analysis of the walk in healthy large-breed dogs","volume":"57","author":"Hottinger","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.02.034","article-title":"A quasi-static three-dimensional, mathematical, three-body segment model of the canine knee","volume":"37","author":"Shahar","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy certification course","author":"Slocum","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1807","article-title":"The cruciate ligaments of the canine stifle: an anatomical and functional analysis","volume":"38","author":"Arnoczky","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Collateral ligaments of the canine stifle joint: anatomic and functional analysis","volume":"42","author":"Vasseur","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"J Orthop Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100080107","article-title":"An in vitro study of anterior cruciate ligament strain induced by quadriceps and hamstrings forces","volume":"8","author":"Draganich","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"J Orthop Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100170605","article-title":"Hamstrings cocontraction reduces internal rotation, anterior translation, and anterior cruciate ligament load in weight-bearing flexion","volume":"17","author":"MacWilliams","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00181-X","article-title":"The importance of quadriceps and hamstring muscle loading on knee kinematics and in-situ forces in the ACL","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509335000","article-title":"Identification of athletes at future risk of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures by neuromuscular screening","volume":"37","author":"Zebis","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Fundamentals of veterinary clinical neurology","first-page":"151","article-title":"Clinical features of important and common diseases involving the spinal cord of dogs and cats","author":"Bagley","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"A practical guide to canine and feline neurology","first-page":"323","article-title":"Disorders of the cauda equina","author":"Dewey","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00657.x","article-title":"Morphometric characteristics of the pelvic limb musculature of Labrador Retrievers with and without cranial cruciate ligament deficiency","volume":"39","author":"Mostafa","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"J Orthop Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2004.01.008","article-title":"Kinematics of the ACL-deficient canine knee during gait: serial changes over two years","volume":"22","author":"Tashman","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)90034-5","article-title":"Three-dimensional kinematics of the intact and cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle of dogs","volume":"27","author":"Korvick","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00361.x","article-title":"Tibial osteotomies for cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency in dogs","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2008.00470.x","article-title":"Effect of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy on femorotibial contact mechanics and stifle kinematics","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2001.21400","article-title":"Effect of tibial plateau leveling on cranial and caudal tibial thrusts in canine cranial cruciate-deficient stifles: an in vitro experimental study","volume":"30","author":"Warzee","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(93)90018-A","article-title":"Determination of loading parameters in the canine hip in vivo","volume":"26","author":"Page","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00118.x","article-title":"The effect of triple pelvic osteotomy on the articular contact area of the hip joint in dysplastic dogs: an in vitro experimental study","volume":"27","author":"Dejardin","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.221.1426","article-title":"Comparison of tibial plateau angle between clinically normal Greyhounds and Labrador Retrievers with and without rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament","volume":"221","author":"Wilke","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/73\/5\/ajvr.73.5.672.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/73\/5\/ajvr.73.5.672.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/73\/5\/ajvr.73.5.672.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:30:39Z","timestamp":1741350639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/73\/5\/ajvr.73.5.672.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.73.5.672","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}}}