{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T04:33:40Z","timestamp":1759638820773,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To develop and evaluate a rapid and accurate assay involving PCR amplification and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of nucleic acid extracts from whole blood samples for the detection of <jats:italic>Dirofilaria immitis<\/jats:italic> infection in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Sample<\/jats:bold>\u2014Whole blood nucleic acid extracts from 29 dogs experimentally infected with <jats:italic>D immitis<\/jats:italic> (and in which circulating <jats:italic>D immitis<\/jats:italic> antigen was detected) and 10 uninfected dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u201416 of the 29 whole blood samples from infected dogs were examined at the time of collection for circulating microfilaria. Nucleic acids were extracted from all whole blood specimens and underwent PCR amplification with 12 PCR primer pairs designed to detect a wide range of pathogens (including the <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> endosymbiont of <jats:italic>D immitis<\/jats:italic>) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014On the basis of assay results, heartworm infection was detected in 13 of 13 antigen-positive dogs of unknown microfilaria status, 11 of 11 antigen-positive dogs with circulating microfilaria, 0 of 3 antigen-positive dogs tested at 3 months after larval infection, 0 of 2 antigen-positive dogs with occult infections, and 0 of 10 uninfected dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014With the assay under investigation, it was possible to identify <jats:italic>D immitis<\/jats:italic> infection in dogs with circulating microfilaria via detection of the obligate <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> endosymbiont of <jats:italic>D immitis<\/jats:italic>. It was not possible to identify dogs with occult infections, which suggested that circulating microfilaria must be present to detect infection with this assay, although further studies would be required to verify that finding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.6.854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,23]],"date-time":"2012-05-23T20:02:35Z","timestamp":1337803355000},"page":"854-859","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Detection of heartworm infection in dogs via PCR amplification and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of nucleic acid extracts from whole blood samples"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Crowder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather E.","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan 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