{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T03:27:52Z","timestamp":1784604472615,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the effect of head conformation (brachycephalic, mesaticephalic, and dolichocephalic) on olfactory bulb angle and orientation in dogs by use of in vivo MRI.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201440 client-owned dogs undergoing MRI for diagnosis of conditions that did not affect skull conformation or olfactory bulb anatomy.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014For each dog, 2 head conformation indices were calculated. Olfactory bulb angle and an index of olfactory bulb orientation relative to the rest of the CNS were determined by use of measurements obtained from sagittal T2-weighted MRI images.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014A significant negative correlation was found between olfactory bulb angle and values of both head conformation indices. Ventral orientation of olfactory bulbs was significantly correlated with high head conformation index values (ie, brachycephalic head conformation).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Low olfactory bulb angles and ventral olfactory bulb orientations were associated with brachycephalia. Positioning of the olfactory bulbs, cribriform plate, and ethmoid turbinates was related. Indices of olfactory bulb angle and orientation may be useful for identification of dogs with extremely brachycephalic head conformations. Such information may be used by breeders to reduce the incidence or severity of brachycephalic-associated diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.7.946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,27]],"date-time":"2012-06-27T18:39:30Z","timestamp":1340822370000},"page":"946-951","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Effect of brachycephalic, mesaticephalic, and dolichocephalic head conformations on olfactory bulb angle and orientation in dogs as determined by use of in vivo magnetic resonance imaging"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Aseel K.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Penderis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Anatomy of the dog","author":"Miller","year":"1964"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"The genetic and endocrine basis for differences in form and behavior","author":"Stockard","year":"1941"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Miller's anatomy of the dog","first-page":"122","article-title":"The skeleton","author":"Evans","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"The brain and associated structures","author":"Smith","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Vet 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