{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T21:09:14Z","timestamp":1775768954975,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To evaluate the accuracy of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for use in predicting subjective diagnostic scores of lameness with variables determined from ground reaction force (GRF) data.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u201421 adult mixed-breed dogs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014The left cranial cruciate ligament of each dog was transected to induce osteoarthritis of the stifle joint as part of another study. Lameness scores were assigned and GRF data were collected 2 times before and 5 times after ligament transection. Inputs and the output for each ANN were GRF variables and a lameness score, respectively. The ANNs were developed by use of data from 14 dogs and evaluated by use of data for the remaining 7 dogs (ie, dogs not used in model development).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014ANN models developed with 2 preferred input variables had an overall accuracy ranging from 96% to 99% for 2 data configurations (data configuration 1 contained patterns or observations for 7 dogs, whereas data configuration 2 contained patterns or observations for 7 other dogs). When additional variables were added to the models, the highest overall accuracy ranged from 97% to 100%.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014ANNs provided a method for processing GRF data of dogs to accurately predict subjective diagnostic scores of lameness. Processing of GRF data via ANNs could result in a more precise evaluation of surgical and pharmacological intervention by detecting subtle lameness that could have been missed by visual analysis of GRF curves.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.7.973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,27]],"date-time":"2012-06-27T14:39:30Z","timestamp":1340807970000},"page":"973-978","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Diagnosis of lameness in dogs by use of artificial neural networks and ground reaction forces obtained during gait analysis"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Makiko","family":"Kaijima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy L.","family":"Foutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald W.","family":"McClendon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven C.","family":"Budsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1275","article-title":"Vertical loading rates in clinically normal dogs at trot","volume":"56","author":"Budsberg","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"389","article-title":"Use of force-plate analysis of gait to compare two surgical techniques for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs","volume":"57","author":"Jevens","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"626","article-title":"Kinetic gait analysis assessment of meloxicam efficacy in a sodium urate\u2013induced synovitis model in dogs","volume":"58","author":"Cross","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(97)50082-9","article-title":"Kinetic and kinematic gait analysis and the assessment of lameness in the dog","volume":"27","author":"DeCamp","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(01)50045-5","article-title":"Kinetic and kinematic gait analysis in dogs","volume":"31","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1522","article-title":"Force plate analyses before and after stabilization of canine stifles for cruciate injury","volume":"49","author":"Budsberg","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1569","article-title":"Evaluation of limb symmetry indices, using ground reaction forces in healthy dogs","volume":"54","author":"Budsberg","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Med Eng Technol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/03091900500224675","article-title":"Neural network-based prediction of missing key features in vertical GRF\u2013time recordings","volume":"30","author":"Begg","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(96)01070-3","article-title":"An application of neural networks for distinguishing gait patterns on the basis of hip-knee joint angle diagrams","volume":"5","author":"Barton","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Med Eng Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4533(00)00011-4","article-title":"Design and testing of a genetic algorithm neural network in the assessment of gait patterns","volume":"22","author":"Su","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(00)00095-3","article-title":"A review of analytical techniques for gait data. Part 2: neural network and wavelet methods","volume":"13","author":"Chau","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Ann Biomed Eng","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1114\/1.1342053","article-title":"Potential of the genetic algorithm neural network in the assessment of gait patterns in ankle arthrodesis","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1053\/tvjl.2001.0608","article-title":"Computerized detection of supporting forelimb lameness in the horse using an artificial neural network","volume":"163","author":"Schobesberger","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.1376","article-title":"Detection of lameness and determination of the affected forelimb in horses by use of continuous wavelet transformation and neural network classification of kinematic 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Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.1487","article-title":"The effects of zoledronate on markers of bone metabolism and subchondral bone mineral density in dogs with experimentally induced cruciate-deficient osteoarthritis","volume":"66","author":"Agnello","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Neural Netw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(94)00102-R","article-title":"A method for training recurrent neural networks for classification by building basins for attraction","volume":"8","author":"Brouwer","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Arthritis Rheum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1002\/anr.1780320913","article-title":"Gait alterations in dogs after transection of the anterior cruciate ligament","volume":"32","author":"O'Connor","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1995.tb01348.x","article-title":"Redistribution of vertical ground reaction force to dogs with experimentally induced chronic hind limb lameness","volume":"24","author":"Rumph","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1207","article-title":"Long-term temporal evaluation of ground reaction forces during development of experimentally induced osteoarthritis in dogs","volume":"62","author":"Budsberg","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1275","article-title":"Vertical loading rates in clinically normal dogs at trot","volume":"56","author":"Budsberg","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"389","article-title":"Use of force-plate analysis of gait to compare two surgical techniques for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in 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Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4533(00)00011-4","article-title":"Design and testing of a genetic algorithm neural network in the assessment of gait patterns","volume":"22","author":"Su","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(00)00095-3","article-title":"A review of analytical techniques for gait data. Part 2: neural network and wavelet methods","volume":"13","author":"Chau","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Ann Biomed Eng","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1114\/1.1342053","article-title":"Potential of the genetic algorithm neural network in the assessment of gait patterns in ankle arthrodesis","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1053\/tvjl.2001.0608","article-title":"Computerized detection of supporting forelimb lameness in the horse using an artificial neural network","volume":"163","author":"Schobesberger","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.1376","article-title":"Detection of lameness and determination of the affected forelimb in horses by use of continuous wavelet transformation and neural network classification of kinematic data","volume":"64","author":"Keegan","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Clin Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2004.04.005","article-title":"Applications of artificial neural nets in clinical biomechanics","volume":"19","author":"Sch\u00f6llhorn","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.05.012","article-title":"Neural network estimation of balance control during locomotion","volume":"38","author":"Hahn","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Clin Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(97)00082-X","article-title":"Design and test of neural networks and statistical classifiers in computer-aided movement analysis: a case study on gait analysis","volume":"13","author":"Lafuente","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.1487","article-title":"The effects of zoledronate on markers of bone metabolism and subchondral bone mineral density in dogs with experimentally induced cruciate-deficient osteoarthritis","volume":"66","author":"Agnello","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Neural Netw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(94)00102-R","article-title":"A method for training recurrent neural networks for classification by building basins for attraction","volume":"8","author":"Brouwer","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Arthritis Rheum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1002\/anr.1780320913","article-title":"Gait alterations in dogs after transection of the anterior cruciate ligament","volume":"32","author":"O'Connor","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1995.tb01348.x","article-title":"Redistribution of vertical ground reaction force to dogs with experimentally induced chronic hind limb lameness","volume":"24","author":"Rumph","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1207","article-title":"Long-term temporal evaluation of ground reaction forces during development of experimentally induced osteoarthritis in dogs","volume":"62","author":"Budsberg","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/73\/7\/ajvr.73.7.973.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/73\/7\/ajvr.73.7.973.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/73\/7\/ajvr.73.7.973.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T20:08:19Z","timestamp":1775765299000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/73\/7\/ajvr.73.7.973.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.73.7.973","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}}}