{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T01:20:24Z","timestamp":1790040024065,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine reference ranges for serum cobalamin (Cbl), urine methylmalonic acid (uMMA), and plasma total homocysteine (tHcys) concentrations and to compare values for healthy control dogs with values for Border Collies (BCs), a breed in which hereditary cobalamin deficiency has been identified.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014113 BCs, 35 healthy control dogs fed a typical diet, and 12 healthy dogs fed a bone and raw food diet exclusively.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Urine and blood samples were obtained from each dog and Cbl, uMMA, and tHcys concentrations were determined.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Reference ranges for Cbl (261 to 1,001 ng\/L), uMMA (0 to 4.2 mmol\/mol of creatinine), and tHcys (4.3 to 18.4 \u03bcmol\/L) concentrations were determined. Four BCs had a Cbl concentration lower than the assay detection limit (150 ng\/L); median uMMA and tHcys concentrations in these dogs were 4,064 mmol\/mol of creatinine and 51.5 \u03bcmol\/L, respectively. Clinical abnormalities included stunted growth, lethargy, anemia, and proteinuria. Abnormalities improved after administration of cobalamin. Of the 109 healthy BCs with Cbl and tHcys concentrations within reference ranges, 41 (37.6%) had a high uMMA concentration (range, 5 to 360 mmol\/mol). Results for dogs fed raw food were similar to those for control dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Hereditary cobalamin deficiency is a rare disease with various clinical signs. The finding of methylmalonic aciduria in healthy eucobalaminemic BCs and BCs with clinical signs of Cbl deficiency was surprising and indicated these dogs may have defects in intracellular processing of Cbl or intestinal Cbl malabsorption, respectively. Studies investigating Cbl absorption and metabolic pathways are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.8.1194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,31]],"date-time":"2012-07-31T15:59:11Z","timestamp":1343750351000},"page":"1194-1199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Serum cobalamin, urine methylmalonic acid, and plasma total homocysteine concentrations in Border Collies and dogs of other breeds"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Sabina","family":"Lutz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian C.","family":"Sewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beat","family":"Bigler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Riond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia E.","family":"Reusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter H.","family":"Kook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3109\/10408369609081009","article-title":"Cobalamin","volume":"33","author":"Markle","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Am J Physiol","first-page":"G294","article-title":"Intrinsic factor-mediated intestinal absorption of cobalamin in the dog","volume":"241","author":"Marcoullis","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32430-5","article-title":"Role of serum folate and vitamin B12 concentrations in the differentiation of small intestinal abnormalities in the dog","volume":"32","author":"Batt","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Acta Med Scand","first-page":"289","article-title":"Selective vitamin B12 malabsorption and proteinuria in young people. 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