{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T01:20:24Z","timestamp":1790040024077,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:bold>\n \u2014To determine the prevalence of hypocobalaminemia or methylmalonic acidemia (or both) in dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Sample<\/jats:bold>\n \u2014Serum samples from 56 dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease and 43 control dogs.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Procedures<\/jats:bold>\n \u2014Serum cobalamin and methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentrations were measured in all samples and compared between groups. A correlation between serum cobalamin and MMA concentrations and the canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index was evaluated via the Spearman rank correlation.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results<\/jats:bold>\n \u201420 of 56 (36%) dogs with gastrointestinal disease had hypocobalaminemia. Serum cobalamin concentrations were significantly lower in dogs with gastrointestinal disease than in control dogs. Five of 56 (9%) dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease and 5 of 20 (25%) hypocobalaminemic dogs had increased MMA concentrations. There was a significant negative correlation (Spearman\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = \u22120.450) between serum cobalamin and MMA concentrations in dogs with gastrointestinal disease. No correlation was found between the canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index and serum cobalamin or MMA concentrations.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n \u2014These data indicated the prevalence of hypocobalaminemia in dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease was 20 of 56 (36%). Five of 20 (25%) hypocobalaminemic dogs had increased serum MMA concentrations, which indicated that although hypocobalaminemia was common in these dogs, it did not always appear to be associated with a deficiency of cobalamin on a cellular level. Hypocobalaminemia is a risk factor for negative outcome in dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease and should be considered in every patient with corresponding clinical signs.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.1.84","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,27]],"date-time":"2012-12-27T09:06:57Z","timestamp":1356599217000},"page":"84-89","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Serum cobalamin and methylmalonic acid concentrations in dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Nora","family":"Berghoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nolie K.","family":"Parnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve L.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan S.","family":"Suchodolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg M.","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2004.tb00245.x","article-title":"Canine inflammatory bowel disease: retrospective analysis of diagnosis and outcome in 80 cases (1995\u20132002)","volume":"45","author":"Craven","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03011.x","article-title":"Chronic enteropathies in dogs: evaluation of risk factors for negative outcome","volume":"21","author":"Allenspach","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Small animal gastroenterology","first-page":"50","article-title":"Laboratory tests for the diagnosis of intestinal disorders","author":"Ruaux","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Am J Clin Nutr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.013441","article-title":"Biomarkers of cobalamin (vitamin B-12) status in the epidemiologic setting: a critical overview of context, applications, and performance characteristics of cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and holotranscobalamin II","volume":"94","author":"Carmel","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.03.005","article-title":"Association between serum cobalamin and methylmalonic acid concentrations in dogs","volume":"191","author":"Berghoff","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Clin Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112476","article-title":"Assay of methylmalonic acid in the serum of patients with cobalamin deficiency using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"77","author":"Stabler","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3109\/10408369609081009","article-title":"Cobalamin","volume":"33","author":"Markle","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2000.00632.x","article-title":"The marker of cobalamin deficiency, plasma methylmalonic acid, correlates to plasma creatinine","volume":"247","author":"Hvas","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"How to diagnose cobalamin deficiency","first-page":"61","author":"Nex\u00f8","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1852","article-title":"Metabolism of amino acids in cats with severe cobalamin deficiency","volume":"62","author":"Ruaux","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02928.x","article-title":"Prognostic factors in canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: prolonged survival is likely if clinical remission is achieved","volume":"21","author":"Batchelor","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2001.tb02293.x","article-title":"Subnormal concentrations of serum cobalamin (vitamin B12) in cats with gastrointestinal disease","volume":"15","author":"Simpson","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.232.3.405","article-title":"Outcome of cats with low-grade lymphocytic lymphoma: 41 cases (1995\u20132005)","volume":"232","author":"Kiselow","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-100-24576","article-title":"Placental transfer and biological half-life of radioactive vitamin B12 in the dog","volume":"100","author":"Luhby","year":"1959"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary 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