{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T09:40:28Z","timestamp":1774690828221,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate with CT the efficacy of various combinations of firearms and ammunitions to penetrate and disrupt the brain tissue of cadaveric heads of feedlot steers.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Sample<\/jats:bold>\u201442 fresh cadaveric heads of 12- to 18-month-old <jats:italic>Bos taurus<\/jats:italic> steers.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014For each of 7 combinations of firearms and ammunitions (.22-caliber rifle firing a long rifle 30-grain plated lead solid- or hollow-point round, .223-caliber carbine firing a 50-grain ballistic-tip round, 9-mm pistol firing a 124-grain total metal jacket round, .45-caliber automatic Colt pistol [ACP] firing a 230-grain full metal jacket round, and 12-gauge shotgun firing a 2.75-inch 1.25-ounce No. 4 birdshot shell or a 1-ounce rifled slug), 6 cadaveric heads were shot at an identical distance (3 m), angle, and anatomic location. Heads were scanned with third-generation CT, and images were evaluated to determine extent of penetration, projectile fragmentation, cranial fracture, and likelihood of instantaneous death (\u2265 30% destruction of brain tissue or a brainstem lesion).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u201441 of 42 skulls were penetrated by the projectile. Instantaneous death was considered a likely consequence for 83% (25\/30) of heads shot with a rifle-fired .22-caliber solid-point round, pistol-fired .45-caliber ACP round, carbine-fired .223-caliber round, and shotgun-fired birdshot and slug. Of the 18 heads shot with pistol-fired 9-mm and .45-caliber ACP rounds and rifle-fired .22-caliber hollow-point rounds, only 6 had brainstem lesions.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results suggested that gunshots delivered by all firearm-ammunition combinations except rifle-fired .22-caliber hollow-point rounds and pistol-fired 9-mm rounds were viable options for euthanasia of feedlot cattle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.11.1385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,29]],"date-time":"2013-10-29T17:28:25Z","timestamp":1383067705000},"page":"1385-1391","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Computed tomographic evaluation to determine efficacy of euthanasia of yearling feedlot cattle by use of various firearm-ammunition combinations"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Daniel U.","family":"Thomson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin W.","family":"Wileman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darrel J.","family":"Rezac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matt D.","family":"Miesner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Johnson-Neitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Biller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.5.692","article-title":"Psychologic first aid and veterinarians in rural communities undergoing livestock depopulation","volume":"231","author":"Nusbaum","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2013 edition.","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"669","volume":"218","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref4","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.116.2.36","article-title":"Energy requirements for the penetration of heads of domestic stock and the development of a multiple projectile","volume":"116","author":"Blackmore","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"160","article-title":"Evaluation of methods for the euthanasia of cattle in a foreign animal disease outbreak","volume":"36","author":"Baker","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"N Z Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1994.35786","article-title":"Neuroradiological aspects of experimental traumatic missile injury in sheep","volume":"42","author":"Finnie","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","year":"2013","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1995.35872"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"N Z Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.01.001","article-title":"The use of a shotgun for the emergency slaughter or euthanasia of large mature pigs","volume":"43","author":"Blackmore","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Prev Vet Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.2.227","article-title":"A dynamic, optimal disease control model for foot-and-mouth-disease: II. 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