{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T04:08:04Z","timestamp":1778990884888,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the magnitude and location of skin movement attributable to the cutaneus trunci muscle reflex in response to localized stimulation of the skin of the dorsolateral aspect of the thoracic wall in horses.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20148 horses.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014A grid of 56 reflective markers was applied to the lateral aspect of the body wall of each horse; markers were placed at 10-cm intervals in 7 rows and 8 columns. A motion analysis system with 10 infrared cameras was used to track movements of the markers in response to tactile stimulation of the dorsolateral aspect of the thoracic wall at the levels of T6, T11, and T16. Marker movement data determined after skin stimulation were used to create a skin deformation gradient tensor field, which was analyzed with custom software.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014The sites of maximal skin deformation were located close to the stimulation sites; the centers of the twitch responses were located a mean distance of 7.7 to 12.8 cm ventral and between 6.6 cm cranial and 3.1 cm caudal to the stimulation sites.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Findings of this study may have implications for assessment of nerve conduction velocities of the cutaneus trunci muscle reflex and may enhance understanding of the responses of horses to placement of tack or other equipment on skin over the cutaneus trunci muscles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.11.1428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,29]],"date-time":"2013-10-29T17:28:25Z","timestamp":1383067705000},"page":"1428-1432","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Localization of the cutaneus trunci muscle reflex in horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Cynthia M.","family":"Essig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan S.","family":"Merritt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narelle C.","family":"Stubbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilary M.","family":"Clayton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902960408","article-title":"Cutaneus trunci muscle reflex of the guinea pig","volume":"296","author":"Blight","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"The anatomy of the domestic animals.","first-page":"376","article-title":"Equine myology","author":"Sisson","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Rooney's guide to the dissection of the horse.","first-page":"18","article-title":"Thorax","author":"Sack","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Equine Vet Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2011.12.005","article-title":"Topographical anatomy of the equine M. cutaneus trunci in relation to the position of the saddle and girth","volume":"32","author":"van Iwaarden","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Physiological and clinical anatomy of the domestic mammals. Volume 1: central nervous system.","first-page":"227","article-title":"Clinical neurological tests: diagnostic exercises","author":"King","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Br J Pharmacol Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1963.tb01531.x","article-title":"The response of the isolated skin of rats to drugs and electrical stimulation","volume":"21","author":"Hellmann","year":"1963"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1989.62.6.1260","article-title":"Descending pathways to the cutaneus trunci muscle motoneuronal cell group in the cat","volume":"62","author":"Holstege","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(88)90190-X","article-title":"A least-squares algorithm for the equiform transformation from spatial marker coordinates","volume":"21","author":"Veldpaus","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Statistics in kinesiology.","first-page":"184","article-title":"Analysis of variance with repeated measures","author":"Vincent","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1998.tb02127.x","article-title":"Measurement of the lateral thoracic reflex latency in ponies","volume":"12","author":"Hahn","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.7.813","article-title":"Use of epidurally derived evoked potentials for quantification of caudal nociception in ponies","volume":"70","author":"van Loon","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/11\/ajvr.74.11.1428.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/11\/ajvr.74.11.1428.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/11\/ajvr.74.11.1428.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:49:12Z","timestamp":1741351752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/11\/ajvr.74.11.1428.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.74.11.1428","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}}}