{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T08:46:47Z","timestamp":1776502007740,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate effects of quaternary benzo(c)phenanthridine alkaloids (QBAs) against <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp and determine effects on growth performance, organism shedding, and gastrointestinal tract integrity in pigs inoculated with <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serovar Typhimurium.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Sample<\/jats:bold>\u201436 <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolates and twenty 5-week-old pigs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Minimum inhibitory concentration of QBAs against the <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolates was determined. Pigs were allocated to 4 groups and inoculated with <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> organisms. Pigs received diets supplemented with 1.5 g of QBAs\/1,000 kg of feed, 0.75 g of QBAs\/1,000 kg of feed, or 59.4 g of chlortetracycline\/1,000 kg of feed or a nonsupplemented (control) diet. Pigs were weighed on day 0 and then weekly for 40 days. Fecal samples were collected to quantify <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> organisms. Gastrointestinal tract integrity was evaluated by measuring transepithelial resistance.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014In vitro, 9 of 36 (25%) <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolates were inhibited at 90 \u03bcg of QBAs\/mL; all 36 were inhibited at 179 \u03bcg of QBAs\/mL. Diets containing QBAs significantly decreased <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp shedding; shedding was lower 40 days after inoculation for pigs fed diets containing QBAs or chlortetracycline than for pigs fed the control diet. Growth performance was similar for pigs fed diets containing QBA or chlortetracycline. Gastrointestinal tract integrity was improved in pigs fed the diet containing 1.5 g of QBAs\/1,000 kg of feed.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014QBAs and chlortetracycline decreased <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp shedding but did not differ with regard to growth performance. Gastrointestinal tract integrity was better, albeit not significantly, in pigs fed diets containing QBAs. Further investigation into the role of QBAs and their mechanism as an immunomodulator is necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.12.1530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,25]],"date-time":"2013-11-25T14:27:42Z","timestamp":1385389662000},"page":"1530-1535","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effects of quaternary benzo(c)phenanthridine alkaloids on growth performance, shedding of organisms, and gastrointestinal tract integrity in pigs inoculated with multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Rebecca C.","family":"Robbins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeria C.","family":"Artuso-Ponte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam J.","family":"Moeser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. E. Morgan","family":"Morrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerry W.","family":"Spears","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wondwossen A.","family":"Gebreyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990502","article-title":"Food-related illness and death in the United States","volume":"5","author":"Mead","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Risk Anal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0272-4332.2004.00427.x","article-title":"A Bayesian approach to quantify the contribution of animal-food sources to human salmonellosis","volume":"24","author":"Hald","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1106.041017","article-title":"International Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 infections, 1992\u20132001","volume":"11","author":"Helms","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh247","article-title":"Trends in antimicrobial resistance, phage types and integrons among Salmonella serotypes from pigs, 1997\u20132000","volume":"53","author":"Gebreyes","year":"2004"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"ref5","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1086\/340246","article-title":"Antimicrobial use and resistance in animals","volume":"34","author":"McEwan","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.0983","article-title":"Use estimates of in-feed antimicrobials in swine production in the United States","volume":"9","author":"Apley","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Anim Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1983.572279x","article-title":"Effect of feeding chlortetracycline or virginiamycin on shedding of salmonellae from experimentally-infected swine","volume":"57","author":"Jones","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Pharmacol Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.1996.0019","article-title":"Pharmacological activities of Chelidonium majus L. 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