{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:25:33Z","timestamp":1789575933887,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To describe the pharmacokinetics of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in healthy cats after oral and IV administration.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 healthy cats.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014In a crossover study, cats received NAC (100 mg\/kg) via IV and oral routes of administration; there was a 4-week washout period between treatments. Plasma samples were obtained at 0, 5, 15, 30, and 45 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after administration, and NAC concentrations were quantified by use of a validated high-performance liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry protocol. Data were analyzed via compartmental and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Pharmacokinetics for both routes of administration were best described by a 2-compartment model. Mean \u00b1 SD elimination half-life was 0.78 \u00b1 0.16 hours and 1.34 \u00b1 0.24 hours for the IV and oral routes of administration, respectively. Mean bioavailability of NAC after oral administration was 19.3 \u00b1 4.4%.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014The pharmacokinetics of NAC for this small population of healthy cats differed from values reported for humans. Assuming there would be similar pharmacokinetics in diseased cats, dose extrapolations from human medicine may result in underdosing of NAC in cats with acute disease. Despite the low bioavailability, plasma concentrations of NAC after oral administration at 100 mg\/kg may be effective in the treatment of chronic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.2.290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,30]],"date-time":"2013-01-30T18:41:44Z","timestamp":1359571304000},"page":"290-293","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of N-acetylcysteine after oral and intravenous administration to healthy cats"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Buur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro P. V. P.","family":"Diniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kursten V.","family":"Roderick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Butch","family":"KuKanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Tegzes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180300001","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of N-acetylcysteine actions","volume":"60","author":"Zafarullah","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199120020-00004","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of N-acetylcysteine","volume":"20","author":"Holdiness","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol","first-page":"156","article-title":"Ibuprofen, aspirin and acetaminophen toxicosis and treatment in dogs and cats","volume":"40","author":"Villar","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Altern Med Rev","first-page":"114","article-title":"Clinical applications of N-acetylcysteine","volume":"3","author":"Kelly","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.02.002","article-title":"Therapeutic use of cytoprotective agents in canine and feline hepatobiliary disease","volume":"39","author":"Webster","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650802665587","article-title":"Adverse reactions associated with acetylcysteine","volume":"47","author":"Sandilands","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00606662","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of N-acetylcysteine in man","volume":"31","author":"Borgstrom","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.604034","article-title":"A dosing regimen for immediate N-acetylcysteine treatment for acute paracetamol overdose","volume":"49","author":"Shen","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"705","article-title":"Effect of nutritional antioxidant supplementation on systemic and pulmonary antioxidant status, airway inflammation and lung function in heaves-affected horses","volume":"34","author":"Kirschvink","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2006.08.010","article-title":"Taurine and carnitine in canine cardiomyopathy","volume":"36","author":"Sanderson","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Circulation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.790501","article-title":"Resolution of established cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis and prevention of systolic dysfunction in a transgenic rabbit model of human cardiomyopathy through thiol-sensitive mechanisms","volume":"119","author":"Lombardi","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.10.041","article-title":"Antifibrotic effects of antioxidant N-acetylcysteine in a mouse model of human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutation","volume":"47","author":"Marian","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/2\/ajvr.74.2.290.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/2\/ajvr.74.2.290.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/2\/ajvr.74.2.290.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:32:42Z","timestamp":1741350762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/2\/ajvr.74.2.290.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.74.2.290","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]}}}