{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T21:09:03Z","timestamp":1775768943401,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To develop an orthotopic model of canine osteosarcoma in athymic rats as a model for evaluating the effects of stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) on osteosarcoma cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u201426 athymic nude rats.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u20143 experiments were performed. In the first 2 experiments, rats were injected with 1 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    Abrams canine osteosarcoma cells into the proximal aspect of the tibia (n = 12) or distal aspect of the femur (6). Tumor engraftment and progression were monitored weekly via radiography, luciferase imaging, and measurement of urine pyridinoline concentration for 5 weeks and histologic evaluation after euthanasia. In the third experiment, 8 rats underwent canine osteosarcoma cell injection into the distal aspect of the femur and SRT was administered to the affected area in three 12-Gy fractions delivered on consecutive days (total radiation dose, 36 Gy). Percentage tumor necrosis and urinary pyridinoline concentrations were used to assess local tumor control. The short-term effect of SRT on skin was also evaluated.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Tumors developed in 10 of 12 tibial sites and all 14 femoral sites. Administration of SRT to rats with femoral osteosarcoma was feasible and successful. Mean tumor necrosis of 95% was achieved histologically, and minimal adverse skin effects were observed.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014The orthotopic model of canine osteosarcoma in rats developed in this study was suitable for evaluating the effects of local tumor control and can be used in future studies to evaluate optimization of SRT duration, dose, and fractionation schemes. The model could also allow evaluation of other treatments in combination with SRT, such as chemotherapy or bisphosphonate, radioprotectant, or parathyroid hormone treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.3.452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,25]],"date-time":"2013-02-25T10:03:35Z","timestamp":1361786615000},"page":"452-458","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Orthotopic model of canine osteosarcoma in athymic rats for evaluation of stereotactic radiotherapy"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Anthony L.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James T.","family":"Custis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph F.","family":"Harmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara E.","family":"Powers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura S.","family":"Chubb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"LaRue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole P.","family":"Ehrhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stewart D.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Anticancer Res","first-page":"155","article-title":"Comparative biology of human and canine osteosarcoma","volume":"27","author":"Mueller","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5810.2005.00062.x","article-title":"Curative-intent radiation therapy as a treatment modality for appendicular and axial osteosarcoma: a preliminary retrospective evaluation of 14 dogs with the disease","volume":"3","author":"Walter","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19930415)71:8<2484::AID-CNCR2820710810>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Intra-arterial cisplatin with or without radiation in limb-sparing for canine osteosarcoma","volume":"71","author":"Withrow","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.1.127","article-title":"Development of an intramuscular xenograft model of canine osteosarcoma in mice for evaluation of the effects of radiation therapy","volume":"70","author":"Coomer","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.1567","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for treatment of osteosarcomas involving the distal portions of the limbs in dogs","volume":"225","author":"Farese","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Proceedings","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for treatment of extremity osteosarcoma","author":"Ryan","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.1.127","article-title":"Development of an intramuscular xenograft model of canine osteosarcoma in mice for evaluation of the effects of radiation therapy","volume":"70","author":"Coomer","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.659","article-title":"Effect of thalidomide on growth and metastasis of canine osteosarcoma cells after xenotransplantation in athymic mice","volume":"65","author":"Farese","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.1241","article-title":"Effect of all-trans and 9-cis retinoic acid on growth and metastasis of xenotransplanted canine osteosarcoma cells in athymic mice","volume":"61","author":"Hong","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711408064","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction-based species verification and microsatellite analysis for canine cell line validation","volume":"23","author":"O'Donoghue","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Breast Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02984550","article-title":"Inhibition of bone metastasis from breast cancer with pamidronate resulting in reduction of urinary pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline in a rat model","volume":"11","author":"Wada","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Med Dosimetry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meddos.2011.07.003","article-title":"Characterization of differences in calculated and actual measured skin doses to canine limbs during stereotactic radiosurgery using Gafchromic film","volume":"37","author":"Walters","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00973.x","article-title":"Toxicity criteria of the veterinary radiation therapy oncology group","volume":"42","author":"Ladue","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"359","article-title":"Production and characterization of canine osteosarcoma cell lines that induce transplantable tumors in nude mice","volume":"59","author":"Nieves","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Calcif Tissue Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-002-1046-1","article-title":"Urinary excretion of pyridinium cross-links and serum osteocalcin levels in patients with primary high-grade osteosarcoma","volume":"73","author":"Ferrari","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02865.x","article-title":"Urine N-telopeptide excretion in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma","volume":"20","author":"Lacoste","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Breast Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02966902","article-title":"The relationship between urinary pyridinoline, deoxypyridinoline and bone metastasis in a rat breast cancer model","volume":"6","author":"Tamura","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Surg Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-7404(96)80014-4","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of pamidronate in combination with chemotherapy to bone metastasis of breast cancer in a rat model","volume":"5","author":"Tamura","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Oncol Reports","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Establishment of reproducible osteosarcoma rat model using orthotopic implantation technique","volume":"21","author":"Yu","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Small animal clinical oncology","first-page":"378","article-title":"Tumors of the skeletal system","author":"Dernell","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19910101)67:1<126::AID-CNCR2820670123>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Percent tumor necrosis as a predictor of treatment response in canine osteosarcoma","volume":"67","author":"Powers","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0134.x","article-title":"A comparison of five different bone resorption markers in osteosarcoma-bearing dogs, normal dogs, and dogs with orthopedic diseases","volume":"22","author":"Lucas","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Anticancer Res","first-page":"155","article-title":"Comparative biology of human and canine osteosarcoma","volume":"27","author":"Mueller","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5810.2005.00062.x","article-title":"Curative-intent radiation therapy as a treatment modality for appendicular and axial osteosarcoma: a preliminary retrospective evaluation of 14 dogs with the disease","volume":"3","author":"Walter","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19930415)71:8<2484::AID-CNCR2820710810>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Intra-arterial cisplatin with or without radiation in limb-sparing for canine osteosarcoma","volume":"71","author":"Withrow","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.1.127","article-title":"Development of an intramuscular xenograft model of canine osteosarcoma in mice for evaluation of the effects of radiation therapy","volume":"70","author":"Coomer","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.1567","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for treatment of osteosarcomas involving the distal portions of the limbs in dogs","volume":"225","author":"Farese","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Proceedings","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for treatment of extremity osteosarcoma","author":"Ryan","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.1.127","article-title":"Development of an intramuscular xenograft model of canine osteosarcoma in mice for evaluation of the effects of radiation therapy","volume":"70","author":"Coomer","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.659","article-title":"Effect of thalidomide on growth and metastasis of canine osteosarcoma cells after xenotransplantation in athymic mice","volume":"65","author":"Farese","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.1241","article-title":"Effect of all-trans and 9-cis retinoic acid on growth and metastasis of xenotransplanted canine osteosarcoma cells in athymic mice","volume":"61","author":"Hong","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711408064","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction-based species verification and microsatellite analysis for canine cell line validation","volume":"23","author":"O'Donoghue","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Breast Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02984550","article-title":"Inhibition of bone metastasis from breast cancer with pamidronate resulting in reduction of urinary pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline in a rat model","volume":"11","author":"Wada","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Med Dosimetry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meddos.2011.07.003","article-title":"Characterization of differences in calculated and actual measured skin doses to canine limbs during stereotactic radiosurgery using Gafchromic film","volume":"37","author":"Walters","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00973.x","article-title":"Toxicity criteria of the veterinary radiation therapy oncology group","volume":"42","author":"Ladue","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"359","article-title":"Production and characterization of canine osteosarcoma cell lines that induce transplantable tumors in nude mice","volume":"59","author":"Nieves","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Calcif Tissue Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-002-1046-1","article-title":"Urinary excretion of pyridinium cross-links and serum osteocalcin levels in patients with primary high-grade osteosarcoma","volume":"73","author":"Ferrari","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02865.x","article-title":"Urine N-telopeptide excretion in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma","volume":"20","author":"Lacoste","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Breast Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02966902","article-title":"The relationship between urinary pyridinoline, deoxypyridinoline and bone metastasis in a rat breast cancer model","volume":"6","author":"Tamura","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Surg Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-7404(96)80014-4","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of pamidronate in combination with chemotherapy to bone metastasis of breast cancer in a rat model","volume":"5","author":"Tamura","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Oncol Reports","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Establishment of reproducible osteosarcoma rat model using orthotopic implantation technique","volume":"21","author":"Yu","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Small animal clinical oncology","first-page":"378","article-title":"Tumors of the skeletal system","author":"Dernell","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19910101)67:1<126::AID-CNCR2820670123>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Percent tumor necrosis as a predictor of treatment response in canine osteosarcoma","volume":"67","author":"Powers","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0134.x","article-title":"A comparison of five different bone resorption markers in osteosarcoma-bearing dogs, normal dogs, and dogs with orthopedic diseases","volume":"22","author":"Lucas","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/3\/ajvr.74.3.452.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/3\/ajvr.74.3.452.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/3\/ajvr.74.3.452.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T20:08:23Z","timestamp":1775765303000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/3\/ajvr.74.3.452.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.74.3.452","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}}}