{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T05:23:05Z","timestamp":1741411385925,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate first-intention healing of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> laser, 4.0-MHz radiowave radiosurgery (RWRS), and scalpel incisions in ball pythons (<jats:italic>Python regius<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 healthy adult ball pythons.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014A skin biopsy sample was collected, and 2-cm skin incisions (4\/modality) were made in each snake under anesthesia and closed with surgical staples on day 0. Incision sites were grossly evaluated and scored daily. One skin biopsy sample per incision type per snake was obtained on days 2, 7, 14, and 30. Necrotic and fibroplastic tissue was measured in histologic sections; samples were assessed and scored for total inflammation, histologic response (based on the measurement of necrotic and fibroplastic tissues and total inflammation score), and other variables. Frequency distributions of gross and histologic variables associated with wound healing were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Gross wound scores were significantly greater (indicating greater separation of wound edges) for laser incisions than for RWRS and scalpel incisions at all evaluated time points. Necrosis was significantly greater in laser and RWRS incisions than in scalpel incision sites on days 2 and 14 and days 2 and 7, respectively; fibroplasia was significantly greater in laser than in scalpel incision sites on day 30. Histologic response scores were significantly lower for scalpel than for other incision modalities on days 2, 14, and 30.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014In snakes, skin incisions made with a scalpel generally had less necrotic tissue than did CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> laser and RWRS incisions. Comparison of the 3 modalities on the basis of histologic response scores indicated that use of a scalpel was preferable, followed by RWRS and then laser.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.3.499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,25]],"date-time":"2013-02-25T15:03:35Z","timestamp":1361804615000},"page":"499-508","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Comparison of first-intention healing of carbon dioxide laser, 4.0-MHz radiosurgery, and scalpel incisions in ball pythons (Python regius)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Rebecca T.","family":"Hodshon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Sura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juergen P.","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agricola","family":"Odoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Steeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim M.","family":"Newkirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Semin Avian Exot Pet Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1053\/saep.2000.9049","article-title":"Radiosurgery","volume":"9","author":"Altman","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(02)00014-1","article-title":"The use of surgical lasers in exotic and avian practice","volume":"32","author":"Rupley","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Reptile medicine and surgery","first-page":"581","article-title":"Surgery","author":"Mader","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Textbook of small animal surgery","first-page":"227","article-title":"Surgical lasers","author":"Lucroy","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl","first-page":"181","article-title":"A carbon dioxide surgical laser","volume":"48","author":"Hall","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(02)00002-5","article-title":"Lasers in veterinary medicine\u2014where have we been, and where are we going?","volume":"32","author":"Bartels","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"World J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01655206","article-title":"Lasers in general surgery","volume":"7","author":"Aronoff","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"463","article-title":"Dermatologic application of radio-wave surgery (radiosurgery)","volume":"19","author":"Ackerman","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Exot Pet Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2008.05.003","article-title":"Radiosurgery and laser in zoological practice: separating fact from fiction","volume":"17","author":"Hernandez-Divers","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Med Small Anim Clin","first-page":"796","article-title":"Using high-frequency radiowave technology in veterinary surgery","volume":"99","author":"Miller","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Veterinary surgery: small animal","first-page":"180","article-title":"Surgical modalities: laser, radiofrequency, ultrasonic, and electrosurgery","author":"Sackman","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.1562","article-title":"Histologic comparison of skin biopsy specimens collected by use of carbon dioxide or 810-nm diode lasers from dogs","volume":"225","author":"Rizzo","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Eur Surg Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1159\/000128369","article-title":"Liver regeneration after atypical hepatectomy in the rat. A comparison of CO2 laser with scalpel and electrical diathermy","volume":"15","author":"Chinali","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1992.tb01709.x","article-title":"Thermal injury by in vitro incision of equine skin with electrosurgery, radiosurgery, and a carbon dioxide laser","volume":"21","author":"Palmer","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Cardiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1159\/000177358","article-title":"Laser versus radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular myocardium in dogs: a comparative test","volume":"88","author":"Weber","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00234.x","article-title":"Histologic comparison of canine skin biopsies collected using monopolar electrosurgery, CO2 laser, radiowave radiosurgery, skin biopsy punch, and scalpel","volume":"36","author":"Silverman","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"J Avian Med Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1647\/2007-009R1.1","article-title":"Comparison between CO2 laser and 4.0MHz radiosurgery for incising skin in white Carneau pigeons (Columba livia)","volume":"22","author":"Hernandez-Divers","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.164.1.13","article-title":"Comparison between CO2 laser and 4.0MHz radiosurgery for making incisions in the skin and muscles of green iguanas (Iguana iguana)","volume":"164","author":"Hernandez-Divers","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Infectious diseases and pathology of reptiles","first-page":"1","article-title":"Overview of reptile biology, anatomy and histology","author":"Jacobson","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Reptile medicine and surgery","first-page":"196","article-title":"Dermatology","author":"Cooper","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Can J Vet Res","first-page":"111","article-title":"Healing of cutaneous wounds in the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)","volume":"52","author":"Smith","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S1094-9194(17)30071-3","article-title":"Nonreproductive surgery in reptiles","volume":"3","author":"Bennett","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Can J Vet Res","first-page":"120","article-title":"The effect of ambient temperature and type of wound on healing of cutaneous wounds in the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)","volume":"52","author":"Smith","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Can J Vet Res","first-page":"129","article-title":"The effect of certain topical medications on healing of cutaneous wounds in the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)","volume":"52","author":"Smith","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"10","article-title":"Reptilian surgery part I: basic principles","volume":"11","author":"Bennett","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"122","article-title":"Reptilian surgery part II: management of surgical diseases","volume":"11","author":"Bennett","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Current techniques in small animal surgery","first-page":"771","article-title":"Soft tissue surgery in reptiles","author":"Bennett","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Textbook of small animal surgery","first-page":"141","article-title":"Biomaterials and surgical implants","author":"Roush","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"507","article-title":"Sutures part I: the purpose of sutures and available suture materials","volume":"4","author":"Bellenger","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Veterinary surgery: small animal","first-page":"180","article-title":"Suture material, tissue staplers, ligation devices, and closure methods","author":"Schmiedt","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Int J Periont Rest Dent","first-page":"479","article-title":"Histologic evaluation of porcine skin incisions produce by CO2 laser, electrosurgery, and scalpel","volume":"16","author":"Arashiro","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Semin Avian Exot Pet Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1053\/saep.2002.126575","article-title":"Diode laser surgery: principles and application in exotic animals","volume":"11","author":"Hernandez-Divers","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(02)00006-2","article-title":"Soft tissue application of lasers","volume":"32","author":"Holt","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"1565","article-title":"Lasers and veterinary surgery","volume":"12","author":"Klause","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Surg Clin North Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)45742-7","article-title":"New technologies and future applications of surgical lasers. The right tool for the right job","volume":"72","author":"Treat","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Lasers and optical fibers in medicine","first-page":"59","author":"Katzir","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Optical-thermal response of laser-irradiated tissue","first-page":"561","article-title":"Rate process analysis of thermal damage","author":"Pearcs","year":"1995"},{"year":"1996","series-title":"LX-20SP Novapulse laser system\u2014operator's manual","key":"ref38"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Lasers Surg Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9101(2000)26:1<22::AID-LSM5>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Wound healing and collagen thermal damage in 7.5-microsec pulsed CO2 laser skin incisions","volume":"26","author":"Sanders","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"Int J Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1995.tb04379.x","article-title":"Comparative study of wound healing in porcine skin with CO2 laser and other surgical modalities: preliminary findings","volume":"34","author":"Molgat","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Br J Surg","first-page":"222","article-title":"The healing of tissues incised by a carbon-dioxide laser","volume":"58","author":"Hall","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"187","article-title":"Comparison of surgical lasers and conventional methods in skin incisions","volume":"23","author":"Schroder","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"J Otolaryngol","first-page":"167","article-title":"Comparative gross and histological effects of the CO2 laser, Nd-YAG laser, scalpel, Shaw scalpel, and cutting cautery on skin in rats","volume":"22","author":"Middleton","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"Lasers Surg Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.1900030103","article-title":"Comparative gross and histological study of the effects of scalpel, electric knife, and carbon dioxide laser on skin and uterine incisions in dogs","volume":"3","author":"Montgomery","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc","first-page":"116","article-title":"Clinical and histological comparison of tissue damage and healing following incisions with the CO2 laser and stainless steel surgical blade in dogs","volume":"64","author":"Durante","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.10.1397","article-title":"Evaluation of the histologic reactions to commonly used suture materials in the skin and musculature of ball pythons (Python regius)","volume":"72","author":"McFadden","year":"2011"},{"series-title":"OSHA 2012 technical manual. Section III: chapter VI, laser hazards","key":"ref47"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/3\/ajvr.74.3.499.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/3\/ajvr.74.3.499.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/3\/ajvr.74.3.499.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:32:51Z","timestamp":1741350771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/3\/ajvr.74.3.499.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.74.3.499","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}}}