{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:50:34Z","timestamp":1775742634009,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate antinociceptive and selected effects associated with IM administration of xylazine hydrochloride in combination with tiletamine-zolazepam in llamas.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20148 adult male llamas.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Each llama received tiletamine-zolazepam (2 mg\/kg) combined with either xylazine (0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg\/kg) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution IM (treatments designated as TZ-Xy0.1, TZ-Xy0.2, TZ-Xy0.4, and TZ-Sal, respectively) at 1-week intervals. Selected cardiorespiratory variables were assessed during lateral recumbency and anesthesia, and recovery characteristics were recorded. Duration of antinociception was evaluated by clamping a claw every 5 minutes.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Interval between treatment administration and lateral recumbency for TZ-Xy0.4 was shorter than that for TZ-Xy0.1 or TZ-Sal. Mean \u00b1 SEM duration of antinociception was longer for TZ-Xy0.4 (51.3 \u00b1 7. 0 minutes), compared with findings for TZ-Xy0.2 (31.9 \u00b1 6.0 minutes), TZ-Xy0.1 (8.1 \u00b1 4.0 minutes), and TZ-Sal (0.6 \u00b1 0.6 minutes). Interval between treatment administration and standing was longer for TZ-Xy0.4 (112 \u00b1 9 minutes) than it was for TZ-Xy0.2 (77 \u00b1 9 minutes) or TZ-Sal (68 \u00b1 9 minutes). Mean heart and respiratory rates during the first 30 minutes for TZ-Sal exceeded values for the other treatments. Administration of TZ-Xy0.2 and TZ-Xy0.4 resulted in Pa<jats:sc>o<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> &lt; 60 mm Hg at 5 minutes after llamas attained lateral recumbency, and values differed from TZ-Sal findings at 5, 10, and 15 minutes; Pa<jats:sc>co<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was greater for TZ-Xy0.2 and TZ-Xy0.4 than for TZ-Sal at 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Xylazine (0.2 and 0.4 mg\/kg) increased the duration of antinociception in llamas anesthetized with tiletamine-zolazepam.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.4.530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,26]],"date-time":"2013-03-26T17:51:21Z","timestamp":1364320281000},"page":"530-534","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Physiologic and antinociceptive effects following intramuscular administration of xylazine hydrochloride in combination with tiletamine-zolazepam in llamas"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Reza","family":"Seddighi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Elliot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian K.","family":"Whitlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Egger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom J.","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Z Tierzuecht Zuechtungsbiol","first-page":"34","article-title":"Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Wollbildung S\u00fcdamerikanischer Tylopoden","volume":"75","author":"Fallet","year":"1961"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Anaesth 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