{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:20:12Z","timestamp":1787498412378,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of diazepam administered per rectum via compounded (ie, not commercially available) suppositories and determine whether a dose of 2 mg\/kg in this formulation would result in plasma concentrations shown to be effective for control of status epilepticus or cluster seizures (ie, 150 to 300 ng\/mL) in dogs within a clinically useful interval (10 to 15 minutes).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u20146 healthy mixed-breed dogs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Dogs were randomly assigned to 2 groups of 3 dogs each in a crossover-design study. Diazepam (2 mg\/kg) was administered IV or via suppository per rectum, and blood samples were collected at predetermined time points. Following a 6- or 7-day washout period, each group received the alternate treatment. Plasma concentrations of diazepam and nordiazepam were analyzed via reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Plasma concentrations of diazepam and nordiazepam exceeded the targeted range \u2264 3 minutes after IV administration in all dogs. After suppository administration, targeted concentrations of diazepam were not detected in any dogs, and targeted concentrations of nordiazepam were detected after 90 minutes (n = 2 dogs) or 120 minutes (3) or were not achieved (1).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014On the basis of these results, administration of 2 mg of diazepam\/kg via the compounded suppositories used in the present study cannot be recommended for emergency treatment of seizures in dogs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.4.611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,26]],"date-time":"2013-03-26T13:51:21Z","timestamp":1364305881000},"page":"611-615","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Evaluation of plasma diazepam and nordiazepam concentrations following administration of diazepam intravenously or via suppository per rectum in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Curtis W.","family":"Probst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William B.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamberlyn D.","family":"Moyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(96)50105-1","article-title":"Seizures in dogs","volume":"26","author":"Podell","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"722","article-title":"Status epilepticus: patient management and pharmacologic therapy","volume":"22","author":"Platt","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"732","article-title":"Status epilepticus: managing refractory cases and treating out-of-hospital patients","volume":"22","author":"Platt","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Seizures","first-page":"97","author":"Podell","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2006.05.005","article-title":"Anticonvulsant therapy in dogs and cats","volume":"36","author":"Dewey","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.219.618","article-title":"Risk factors for development of status epilepticus in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and effects of status epilepticus on outcome and survival time: 32 cases (1990\u20131996)","volume":"219","author":"Saito","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00951.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of anti-epileptic drugs in the dog: a review","volume":"8","author":"Frey","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.1998.00149.x","article-title":"Chronic phenobarbital therapy reduces plasma benzodiazepine concentrations after intravenous and rectal administration of diazepam in the dog","volume":"21","author":"Wagner","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.651","article-title":"Comparison of plasma benzodiazepine concentrations following intranasal and intravenous administration of diazepam to dogs","volume":"61","author":"Platt","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Talanta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2007.11.060","article-title":"An improved HPLC method for rapid quantitation of diazepam and its major metabolites in human plasma","volume":"75","author":"Rouini","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1629","article-title":"Absorption of diazepam after its rectal administration in dogs","volume":"56","author":"Papich","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00554.x","article-title":"Bioavailability of benzodiazepines following rectal administration of diazepam in dogs","volume":"18","author":"Mealey","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.1998.00117.x","article-title":"Lorazepam concentrations in plasma following its intravenous and rectal administration in dogs","volume":"21","author":"Podell","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Biomed Chromatogr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0801(199701)11:1<19::AID-BMC611>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"A routine HPLC method for monitoring midazolam in serum","volume":"11","author":"Odou","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Arch Int Pharmacodyn","first-page":"180","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of diazepam in the dog","volume":"254","author":"Loscher","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(96)50105-1","article-title":"Seizures in dogs","volume":"26","author":"Podell","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"722","article-title":"Status epilepticus: patient management and pharmacologic therapy","volume":"22","author":"Platt","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"732","article-title":"Status epilepticus: managing refractory cases and treating out-of-hospital patients","volume":"22","author":"Platt","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Seizures","first-page":"97","author":"Podell","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2006.05.005","article-title":"Anticonvulsant therapy in dogs and cats","volume":"36","author":"Dewey","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.219.618","article-title":"Risk factors for development of status epilepticus in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and effects of status epilepticus on outcome and survival time: 32 cases (1990\u20131996)","volume":"219","author":"Saito","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00951.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of anti-epileptic drugs in the dog: a review","volume":"8","author":"Frey","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.1998.00149.x","article-title":"Chronic phenobarbital therapy reduces plasma benzodiazepine concentrations after intravenous and rectal administration of diazepam in the dog","volume":"21","author":"Wagner","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.651","article-title":"Comparison of plasma benzodiazepine concentrations following intranasal and intravenous administration of diazepam to dogs","volume":"61","author":"Platt","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Talanta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2007.11.060","article-title":"An improved HPLC method for rapid quantitation of diazepam and its major metabolites in human plasma","volume":"75","author":"Rouini","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1629","article-title":"Absorption of diazepam after its rectal administration in dogs","volume":"56","author":"Papich","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00554.x","article-title":"Bioavailability of benzodiazepines following rectal administration of diazepam in dogs","volume":"18","author":"Mealey","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol 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