{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T21:01:44Z","timestamp":1790110904867,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To characterize medial femoral condyle (MFC) morphometrics and subchondral bone density patterns in Thoroughbred racehorses and to determine whether these variables differ between left and right limbs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Sample<\/jats:bold>\u2014Stifle joints harvested from 6 Thoroughbred racehorses euthanized for reasons other than hind limb lameness.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014The distal portion of the left and right femurs of each cadaver was scanned via CT. Hounsfield units were converted to dipotassium phosphate equivalent densities through use of a phantom on each specimen. Medial femoral condyle width, length, height, and curvature; subchondral bone plate densities; and subchondral trabecular bone densities were analyzed in multiple sections in 5 frontal planes and 3 sagittal planes and were compared between left and right MFCs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014MFC width, length, and height did not differ between left and right limbs. Regions of interest in the right caudoaxial subchondral bone plate and subchondral trabecular bone were significantly denser than their corresponding left regions of interest in the frontal and sagittal planes. A concavity in the otherwise convex articular surface of the cranial aspect of the MFC was identified in 11 of 12 specimens.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014A disparity was identified between left and right subchondral bone density patterns at the caudoaxial aspect of the MFC, which could be attributable to the repetitive asymmetric cyclic loading that North American Thoroughbred racehorses undergo as they race in a counterclockwise direction. The uneven region at the cranial aspect of the MFC could be associated with the development of subchondral bone cysts in horses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.5.691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,29]],"date-time":"2013-04-29T14:14:37Z","timestamp":1367244877000},"page":"691-699","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Medial femoral condyle morphometrics and subchondral bone density patterns in Thoroughbred racehorses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Wade T.","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher E.","family":"Kawcak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley E.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197052030-00004","article-title":"A comparison of the dynamic force transmitting properties of subchondral bone and articular cartilage","volume":"52","author":"Radin","year":"1970"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197107000-00031","article-title":"Importance of bone in sparing articular cartilage from impact","volume":"78","author":"Radin","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Joint disease in the horse","first-page":"104","article-title":"Joint biomechanics in the pathogenesis of traumatic arthritis","author":"Palmer","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-72019-2_1","article-title":"The subchondral bone plate","volume":"141","author":"M\u00fcller-Gerbl","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"120","article-title":"The role of subchondral bone in joint disease: a review","volume":"33","author":"Kawcak","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Anat Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092260402","article-title":"Skeletal structural adaptations to mechanical usage (SATMU): 1. Redefining Wolff's law: the bone modeling problem","volume":"226","author":"Frost","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Orthop Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100050217","article-title":"Osteoregulatory nature of mechanical stimuli, function as a determinant for adaptive remodeling in bone","volume":"5","author":"Rubin","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"402","article-title":"Mechanical and morphometric analysis of the third carpal bone of Thoroughbreds","volume":"52","author":"Young","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Biomechanics of the locomotor apparatus","author":"Pauwels","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S411","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650071409","article-title":"Demonstration of subchondral bone density patterns by three-dimensional CT osteoabsorptiometry as a noninvasive method for in vivo assessment of individual long-term stresses in joints","volume":"7","author":"M\u00fcller-Gerbl","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Orthop Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100130215","article-title":"Subchondral bone density in the human elbow assessed by computed tomography osteoabsorptiometry: a reflection of the loading history of the joint surfaces","volume":"13","author":"Eckstein","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Anat Embryol (Berl)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s004290050047","article-title":"Direct comparison of contact areas, contact stress and subchondral mineralization in human hip joint specimens","volume":"195","author":"von Eisenhart-Rothe","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.1159","article-title":"Computed tomographic osteoabsorptiometry of the elbow joint in clinically normal dogs","volume":"63","author":"Samii","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.4.491","article-title":"Topographic and age-dependent distribution of subchondral bone density in the elbow joints of clinically normal dogs","volume":"72","author":"Dickomeit","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.8.841","article-title":"Subchondral bone density and cartilage degeneration patterns in osteoarthritic metacarpal condyles of horses","volume":"68","author":"Young","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2007.00289.x","article-title":"Comparison of gross and histopathologic findings with quantitative computed tomographic bone density in the distal third metacarpal bone of racehorses","volume":"48","author":"Drum","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.4.405","article-title":"Effects of early exercise on metacarpophalangeal joints in horses","volume":"71","author":"Kawcak","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"330","article-title":"Mapping of donor and recipient site properties for osteochondral graft reconstruction of subchondral cystic lesions in the equine stifle joint","volume":"38","author":"Changoor","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00674.x","article-title":"Mapping subchondral bone density of selected donor and recipient sites for autologous osteochondral transplantation in the canine stifle joint using computed tomographic osteoabsorptiometry","volume":"39","author":"B\u00f6ttcher","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.7.891","article-title":"Comparison of mean bone densities of three preparations of the distal portion of the equine third metacarpal bone measured by use of quantitative computed tomography","volume":"69","author":"Drum","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.166.2.3275985","article-title":"Quantitative CT for determination of bone mineral density: a review","volume":"166","author":"Cann","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Aust Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2005.tb15636.x","article-title":"Femoral asymmetry in the Thoroughbred racehorse","volume":"83","author":"Pearce","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Joint disease in the horse","first-page":"384","article-title":"Subchondral cystic lesions in horses","author":"Baxter","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"755","article-title":"Cyst formation in osteoarthritis","volume":"45","author":"Ondrouch","year":"1963"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"530","article-title":"Radiographic anatomy of the soft tissue attachments of the equine stifle","volume":"37","author":"Maulet","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00291.x","article-title":"Meniscal translocation and deformation throughout the range of motion of the equine stifle joint: an in vitro cadaveric study","volume":"43","author":"Fowlie","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.5.508","article-title":"Mechanical loading of the distal end of the third metacarpal bone in horses during walking and trotting","volume":"71","author":"Merritt","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.121.14.319","article-title":"Caudal cruciate ligament function and injury in the horse","volume":"121","author":"Baker","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1220","article-title":"Radiographic geometric variation of equine long bones","volume":"55","author":"Hanson","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"712","article-title":"Third metacarpal bone length and skeletal asymmetry in the Thoroughbred racehorse","volume":"35","author":"Watson","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Behav Processes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-6357(02)00161-4","article-title":"Lateralised behavior in the domestic dog, Canis familiaris","volume":"61","author":"Wells","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Anim Behav","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2003.2228","article-title":"\u2018Handedness\u2019 in snakes? Lateralization of coiling behavior in a cottonmouth, Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma, population","volume":"66","author":"Roth","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Laterality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/713754381","article-title":"Population lateralization and social behavior: a study with 16 species of fish","volume":"5","author":"Bisazza","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Anim Behav","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2004.09.003","article-title":"Laterality in the wild: preferential hemifield use during predatory and sexual behavior in the black-winged stilt","volume":"69","author":"Ventollini","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Anim Behav","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2003.12.014","article-title":"Lateralized prey-catching responses in the cane toad, Bufo marinus: analysis of complex visual stimuli","volume":"68","author":"Robins","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Comparative vertebrate lateralization","first-page":"9","article-title":"How ancient is brain lateralization?","author":"Vallortigara","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2004.11.001","article-title":"Idiosyncratic motor laterality in the horse","volume":"91","author":"Murphy","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2004.11.012","article-title":"Motor and sensory laterality in Thoroughbred horses","volume":"92","author":"McGreevy","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Anim Behav","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2007.01.014","article-title":"Laterality in stride pattern preference in racehorses","volume":"74","author":"Williams","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.1214","article-title":"Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurement of bone-mineral density in the distal aspect of the limbs in racing Greyhounds","volume":"61","author":"Emmerson","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.10.308","article-title":"Asymmetric densitometric and mechanical adaptation of the left fifth metacarpal bone in racing greyhounds","volume":"148","author":"Lipscomb","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.787","article-title":"Site-specific adaptive remodeling of Greyhound metacarpal cortical bone subjected to asymmetrical cyclic loading","volume":"62","author":"Johnson","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1486","article-title":"Central tarsal bone fractures in the racing Greyhound: a review of 114 cases","volume":"184","author":"Boudrieau","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"104","article-title":"Characteristics of accessory carpal bone fractures in 50 racing Greyhounds","volume":"2","author":"Johnson","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"Aust Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1981.tb02659.x","article-title":"Fixation of metacarpal and metatarsal fractures in Greyhounds","volume":"57","author":"Bellenger","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"Aust Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2005.tb11657.x","article-title":"Third metacarpal bone laterality asymmetry and midshaft dimensions in Thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"83","author":"Davies","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03821.x","article-title":"Characterisation of the type and location of fractures of the third metacarpal\/metatarsal condyles in 135 horses in central Kentucky (1986\u20131994)","volume":"31","author":"Zekas","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref48","series-title":"Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2004.10.009","article-title":"Catastrophic fracture of the lateral condyle of the third metacarpus\/metatarsus in UK racehorses\u2014fracture descriptions and pre-existing pathology","volume":"171","author":"Parkin","year":"2006"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref49","series-title":"Incidence, location and classification of 371 third carpal bone fractures in 313 horses","first-page":"S33","author":"Schneider","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref50","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"620","article-title":"Prevalence of, and risk factors associated with, musculoskeletal racing injuries of Thoroughbreds","volume":"204","author":"Peloso","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref51","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"287","article-title":"Condylar fractures of the third metacarpal bone and third metatarsal bone in 75 horses: radiographic features, treatments, and outcome","volume":"183","author":"Rick","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref52","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"761","article-title":"Medial condylar fractures of the third metatarsal bone in horses","volume":"185","author":"Richardson","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref53","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2007.00260.x","article-title":"Scintigraphic evaluation of the stifle in normal horses and horses with forelimb lameness","volume":"48","author":"Dyson","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref54","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"226","article-title":"The sacroiliac joints: evaluation using nuclear scintigraphy part 1: the normal horse","volume":"35","author":"Dyson","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref55","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2004.04066.x","article-title":"Nuclear scintigraphic evaluation of the distal tarsus region in normal horses","volume":"45","author":"Murray","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref56","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2004.04014.x","article-title":"Scintigraphic evaluation of metacarpophalangeal and metatarsopahalangeal joints in clinically sound horses","volume":"45","author":"Weekes","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/5\/ajvr.74.5.691.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/5\/ajvr.74.5.691.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/5\/ajvr.74.5.691.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:33:21Z","timestamp":1741350801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/5\/ajvr.74.5.691.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.74.5.691","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]}}}