{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T18:38:06Z","timestamp":1774463886165,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the effects of hypoglossal nerve block and electrical stimulation of the thyrohyoideus muscles on position of the larynx and hyoid apparatus in resting horses.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201416 healthy horses that underwent hypoglossal nerve block and 5 healthy horses that underwent electrical stimulation of the thyrohyoideus muscles.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Horses underwent bilateral hypoglossal nerve block or electrical stimulation of the thyrohyoideus muscles. Positions of the basihyoid bone, ossified part of the thyroid cartilage, and articulations of the thyrohyoid bones and thyroid cartilage were determined in radiographic images obtained before and after performance of hypoglossal nerve blocks or during thyrohyoideus muscle stimulation. Radiographic images were obtained with the heads of horses in neutral (thyrohyoideus muscle stimulation) or neutral and extended (hypoglossal nerve block) positions. Radiographic images of horses obtained after performance of hypoglossal nerve blocks were also evaluated to detect dorsal displacement of the soft palate.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Hypoglossal nerve blocks did not induce significant changes in the positions of evaluated anatomic sites in radiographic images obtained in neutral or extended head positions. Hypoglossal nerve block did not induce dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses at rest. Bilateral thyrohyoideus muscle stimulation induced significant dorsal movement (mean \u00b1 SD change in position, 18.7 \u00b1 6.8 mm) of the ossified part of the thyroid cartilage; rostral movement of evaluated anatomic structures was small and not significant after thyrohyoideus muscle stimulation.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Bilateral electrical stimulation of the thyrohyoideus muscles in horses in this study induced dorsal laryngeal movement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.5.784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,29]],"date-time":"2013-04-29T14:14:37Z","timestamp":1367244877000},"page":"784-789","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of hypoglossal nerve block and electrical stimulation of the thyrohyoideus muscles on position of the larynx and hyoid apparatus in healthy horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Alanna J.","family":"Zantingh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norm G.","family":"Ducharme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Cheetham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1022","article-title":"Effects of bilateral hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal nerve blocks on epiglottic and soft palate position in exercising horses","volume":"58","author":"Holcombe","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91177.2008","article-title":"Role of the hypoglossal nerve in equine nasopharyngeal stability","volume":"107","author":"Cheetham","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"258","article-title":"Investigations into the role of the thyrohyoid muscles in the pathogenesis of dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses","volume":"35","author":"Ducharme","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"393","article-title":"Dynamic obstructions of the equine upper respiratory tract. 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