{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:11:01Z","timestamp":1791292261953,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To determine effects of age and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) on corneal sensitivity in horses.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u201420 adult horses allocated into 3 groups (PPID group, old [&gt; 15 years old] horses with PPID [n = 5]; old group, old [&gt; 15 years old] horses without PPID [9]; and young group, young [\u2264 10 years old] horses without PPID [6]). All horses with PPID had hirsutism and abnormal fat deposition or laminitis; none of the old or young horses had hirsutism, abnormal fat deposition, or laminitis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014A Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer was used to measure the corneal touch threshold (CTT) in both eyes of each horse. The nylon monofilament was applied at a maximum length of 60 mm to the central region of the cornea and length was decreased by 5-mm increments until a consistent blink response was elicited. Tear production was assessed in all eyes via the Shirmer tear test (STT).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Mean \u00b1 SD CTT was significantly greater for young horses (47.50 \u00b1 4.52 mm) than for horses in the old (28.06 \u00b1 5.72 mm) and PPID (21.5 \u00b1 3.37 mm) groups. Old horses had significantly higher CTT values than did horses with PPID. The STT values were within the reference range for all groups and did not differ significantly among groups.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Corneal sensitivity decreased with both age and PPID. Because decreased corneal sensitivity is associated with impaired wound healing, increasing age and PPID may increase the risk for nonhealing or recurrent corneal ulcers in horses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.7.1030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,26]],"date-time":"2013-06-26T13:53:15Z","timestamp":1372254795000},"page":"1030-1035","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Evaluation of the effects of age and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction on corneal sensitivity in horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Chelsey","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary L.","family":"Utter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Beech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Exp Eye Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(03)00050-2","article-title":"Corneal nerves: structure, contents and function","volume":"76","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903270111","article-title":"Immunohistochemical identification of trigeminal ganglion neurons that innervate the mouse cornea: relevance to intercellular spread of herpes simplex virus","volume":"327","author":"LaVail","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199804233381702","article-title":"Topical treatment with nerve growth factor for corneal neurotrophic ulcers","volume":"338","author":"Lambiase","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Eye (London, England)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700616","article-title":"Neurotrophic keratitis","volume":"17","author":"Bonini","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Exp Eye","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1994.1145","article-title":"Neurotrophic influences on corneal epithelial cells","volume":"59","author":"Garcia-Hirschfeld","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Am J Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(00)00415-3","article-title":"Decreased substance P concentrations in tears from patients with corneal hypesthesia","volume":"129","author":"Yamada","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-200101000-00003","article-title":"Neurotrophic keratitis","volume":"41","author":"Davis","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05471.x","article-title":"Treatment of chronic nonhealing neurotrophic corneal epithelial defects with thymosin beta4","volume":"1194","author":"Dunn","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"AMA Arch Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1954.00920050048005","article-title":"Mitotic and wound-healing activities of the corneal epithelium; effect of sensory denervation","volume":"52","author":"Sigelman","year":"1954"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Histol Histopathol","first-page":"771","article-title":"Neurotrophic keratopathy; its pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"25","author":"Okada","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2000.00125.x","article-title":"Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer-determined corneal sensitivity in neonatal foals and adult horses","volume":"3","author":"Brooks","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.7","article-title":"Corneal sensitivity in dogs with diabetes mellitus","volume":"64","author":"Good","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci","first-page":"2915","article-title":"Corneal structure and sensitivity in type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"41","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci","first-page":"3","article-title":"Corneal function during normal and high serum glucose levels in diabetes","volume":"39","author":"McNamara","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Diabetes Complications","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2006.05.008","article-title":"Tear production and corneal sensitivity in diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Cousen","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Cornea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200111000-00004","article-title":"Ocular and systemic factors relevant to diabetic keratoepitheliopathy","volume":"20","author":"Inoue","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Am J Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(84)90120-X","article-title":"Corneal endothelial changes in type I and type II diabetes mellitus","volume":"98","author":"Schultz","year":"1984"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"ref18","series-title":"Cornea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31812f6d8e","article-title":"Deviated mechanism of wound healing in diabetic corneas","volume":"26","author":"Chikama","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Arch Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1977.04450120099012","article-title":"Neurotrophic corneal ulcers in diabetes mellitus","volume":"95","author":"Hyndiuk","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02674.x","article-title":"Editorial: diagnosing equine pars intermedia dysfunction: are we there yet?","volume":"19","author":"Toribio","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnostic frequency, response to therapy, and long-term prognosis among horses and ponies with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, 1993\u20132004","volume":"26","author":"Rohrbach","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2001.00189.x","article-title":"A comparison of corneal sensitivity between brachycephalic and domestic short-haired cats","volume":"4","author":"Blocker","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Ophthalmic Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1159\/000264973","article-title":"A comparison of corneal sensitivity and nerve density in albino and pigmented rabbits","volume":"10","author":"Millodot","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2007.00521.x","article-title":"Schirmer tear test, phenol red thread tear test, eye blink frequency and corneal sensitivity in the guinea pig","volume":"10","author":"Trost","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2011.00895.x","article-title":"Measurement of corneal sensitivity in 20 ophthalmologically normal alpacas","volume":"14","author":"Welihozkiy","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2011.00910.x","article-title":"Corneal sensitivity in healthy, immature, and adult alpacas","volume":"15","author":"Rankin","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2003.00283.x","article-title":"Corneal esthesiometry in the healthy horse","volume":"6","author":"Kaps","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.12.1655","article-title":"Evaluation of duration of corneal anesthesia induced with ophthalmic 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride by use of a Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer in clinically normal horses","volume":"69","author":"Kalf","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.2.223","article-title":"Effect of treatment with a topical ophthalmic preparation of 1% nalbuphine solution on corneal sensitivity in clinically normal horses","volume":"71","author":"Wotman","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2003.00309.x","article-title":"Superficial, nonhealing corneal ulcers in horses: 23 cases (1989\u20132003)","volume":"6","author":"Michau","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci","first-page":"2252","article-title":"Spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCED) in dogs: clinical features, innervation, and effect of topical S P, with or without IGF-1","volume":"42","author":"Murphy","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.5326\/0410158","article-title":"Spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects in dogs: a review","volume":"41","author":"Bentley","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.733","article-title":"Nonhealing corneal ulcers in cats: 29 cases (1991\u20131999)","volume":"218","author":"La Croix","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Curr Eye Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689408995778","article-title":"Epithelial wound healing in the denervated cornea","volume":"13","author":"Araki","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb01816.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the combined dexamethasone suppression\/thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test for detection of pars intermedia pituitary adenomas in horses","volume":"20","author":"Frank","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Br J Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.39.12.705","article-title":"Experience in clinical examination of corneal sensitivity: corneal sensitivity and the naso-lacrimal reflex after retrobulbar anaesthesia","volume":"39","author":"Boberg-Ans","year":"1955"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci","first-page":"240","article-title":"The influence of age on the sensitivity of the cornea","volume":"2","author":"Millodot","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"Ophthalmologica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1159\/000079478","article-title":"Age-related modifications of corneal sensitivity","volume":"218","author":"Roszkowska","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1324","article-title":"Age-related changes in rat corneal epithelial nerve density","volume":"49","author":"Dvorscak","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-51-3-468","article-title":"Optic neuritis and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in 14 patients","volume":"51","author":"Skillern","year":"1959"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Br J Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.10.1225","article-title":"Pupillary autonomic denervation with increasing duration of diabetes mellitus","volume":"85","author":"Cahill","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1941","article-title":"Hormonal response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in healthy horses and in horses with pituitary adenoma","volume":"46","author":"Beech","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"79","article-title":"Results of a combined dexamethasone suppression\/thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test in healthy horses and horses suspected to have a pars intermedia pituitary adenoma","volume":"211","author":"Eiler","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"226","article-title":"Biochemical indices of vascular function, glucose metabolism and oxidative stress in horses with equine Cushing's disease","volume":"36","author":"Keen","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"Optom Vis Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181694f96","article-title":"Factors affecting corneal and conjunctival sensitivity measurement","volume":"85","author":"Golebiowski","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1994.tb00555.x","article-title":"Changes in ocular and visual variables during the menstrual cycle","volume":"14","author":"Guttridge","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"Contact Lens","first-page":"5","article-title":"Effect of bending of the nylon thread of the Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer upon the recorded pressure","volume":"1","author":"Millodot","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref48","series-title":"Acta Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1976.tb01791.x","article-title":"Effect of the length of wear of contact lenses on corneal sensitivity","volume":"54","author":"Millodot","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/7\/ajvr.74.7.1030.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/7\/ajvr.74.7.1030.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/7\/ajvr.74.7.1030.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T15:55:19Z","timestamp":1696521319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/7\/ajvr.74.7.1030.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.74.7.1030","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}}}