{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T22:29:44Z","timestamp":1781130584813,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To quantitatively and qualitatively compare electroretinography (ERG) recordings in awake, sedated, and anesthetized dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014Six 6-month-old Beagles.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014A brief ERG protocol for dogs was used. Following 1-minute and subsequent 5-minute dark adaptation, mixed rod-cone responses were recorded bilaterally with a handheld multispecies ERG device with dogs in each of 3 states of consciousness: awake, sedated (dexmedetomidine and butorphanol), and anesthetized (atropine and hydromorphone, followed by propofol and midazolam and anesthetic maintenance with isoflurane). Low- and high-frequency noise levels were quantified via Fourier analysis, and the effect of consciousness state on signal amplitude, implicit time, and noise was analyzed via repeated-measures ANOVA. In addition, 13 veterinary ophthalmologists who were unaware of the dogs\u2019 consciousness states subjectively graded the ERG recording quality, and scores for each tracing were compared.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014ERG amplitudes were highest in awake dogs and lowest in anesthetized dogs. Implicit times were shortest in awake dogs and longest in anesthetized dogs. Differences in b-wave amplitudes and a-wave implicit times were significant. Neither low- nor high-frequency noise levels differed significantly among consciousness states. Furthermore, no significant differences were identified among observers\u2019 scores assigned to ERG tracings.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Anesthesia and sedation resulted in significant attenuation and delay of ERG responses in dogs. Chemical restraint of dogs had no consistently significant effect on low- or high-frequency noise levels or on observer perception of signal quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.7.1036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,26]],"date-time":"2013-06-26T17:53:15Z","timestamp":1372269195000},"page":"1036-1042","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Effects of chemical restraint on electroretinograms recorded sequentially in awake, sedated, and anesthetized dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Kate S.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn L.","family":"Good","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip H.","family":"Kass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin Ae","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Nestorowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Ofri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Doc Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020524305726","article-title":"Committee for a Harmonized ERG Protocol, European College of Veterinary Ophthalmology. Guidelines for clinical electroretinography in the dog","volume":"105","author":"Narfstr\u00f6m","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Veterinary ophthalmology","first-page":"944","article-title":"Diseases of the canine ocular fundus","volume":"2","author":"Narfstrom","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Doc Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014463514302","article-title":"Clinical electrophysiology in veterinary ophthalmology\u2014the past, present and future","volume":"104","author":"Ofri","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Com Ophthalmol","first-page":"2","article-title":"Electroretinography\u2014are we misusing an excellent diagnostic tool?","volume":"5","author":"Aguirre","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Doc Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-009-9173-x","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of three different combinations of general anesthetics on the electroretinogram of dogs","volume":"119","author":"Jeong","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2008.00650.x","article-title":"The effects of medetomidine hydrochloride on the electroretinogram of normal dogs","volume":"11","author":"Norman","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.71.763","article-title":"The effects of different anesthetic agents on short electroretinography protocol in dogs","volume":"71","author":"Lin","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Doc Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-005-4517-7","article-title":"Influence of recording electrode type and reference electrode position on the canine electroretinogram","volume":"111","author":"Mentzer","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci","first-page":"1462","article-title":"Submicrovolt flicker electroretinogram: cycle-by-cycle recording of multiple harmonics with statistical estimation of measurement uncertainty","volume":"39","author":"Sieving","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"904","article-title":"Effects of halothane and sevoflurane on the electroretinogram of dogs","volume":"58","author":"Yanase","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2007.00512.x","article-title":"Propofol modulates inner retina function in Beagles","volume":"10","author":"Kommonen","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2006.00732.x","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine or medetomidine premedication before propofol-desflurane anaesthesia in dogs","volume":"29","author":"G\u00f3mez-Villamandos","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/7\/ajvr.74.7.1036.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/7\/ajvr.74.7.1036.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/7\/ajvr.74.7.1036.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T19:54:27Z","timestamp":1696535667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/74\/7\/ajvr.74.7.1036.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.74.7.1036","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}}}