{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T14:52:20Z","timestamp":1769093540827,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To assess the effects of ketamine hydrochloride, propofol, or compounded thiopental sodium administration on intraocular pressure (IOP) and qualities of induction of and recovery from anesthesia in horses.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 healthy adult horses.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Horses were sedated with xylazine hydrochloride (0.5 mg\/kg), and anesthesia was induced with guaifenesin followed by ketamine (2 mg\/kg), propofol (3 mg\/kg), or thiopental (4 mg\/kg) in a crossover study with \u2265 1 week between treatments. For each horse, IOP in the right eye was measured with a handheld applanation tonometer before and after xylazine administration, at the time of recumbency, and every 3 minutes after induction of anesthesia until spontaneous movement was observed. Cardiorespiratory responses and venous blood measurements were recorded during anesthesia. Induction of and recovery from anesthesia were subjectively evaluated by investigators who were unaware of the anesthetic treatment of each horse. Data were analyzed via a repeated-measures ANOVA with Holm-\u015cid\u00e1k post hoc comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Compared with findings after xylazine administration (mean \u00b1 SD, 17 \u00b1 3 mm Hg), thiopental decreased IOP by 4 \u00b1 23%, whereas propofol and ketamine increased IOP by 8 \u00b1 11% and 37 \u00b1 16%, respectively. Compared with the effects of ketamine, propofol and thiopental resulted in significantly lower IOP at the time of recumbency and higher heart rates at 3 minutes after induction of anesthesia. No other significant differences among treatments were found.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014These findings support the use of thiopental or propofol in preference to ketamine for horses in which increases in IOP should be minimized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.8.1070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,23]],"date-time":"2013-07-23T20:49:48Z","timestamp":1374612588000},"page":"1070-1077","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effects of ketamine, propofol, or thiopental administration on intraocular pressure and qualities of induction of and recovery from anesthesia in horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Tatiana H.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert 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