{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T13:13:04Z","timestamp":1788441184073,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate tissue oxygen saturation (St<jats:sc>o<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) by use of near-infrared spectroscopy in experimental acute hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201414 healthy adult purpose-bred Beagles.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane via facemask, anesthesia was maintained with propofol and rocuronium bromide, and dogs were mechanically ventilated to maintain normocapnia. Dogs were studied under normovolemia (baseline), hypovolemia with target mean arterial blood pressure &lt; 40 mm Hg achieved and maintained steady for 10 minutes (hypovolemia T1), then 20 minutes later (hypovolemia T2), following resuscitation with shed blood (after transfusion), and after administration of 20 mL of hetastarch\/kg (hypervolemia). Conditions were executed sequentially during a single anesthetic episode, allowing stabilization between states (10 minutes). Hemoglobin concentration, mean arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gas concentrations, cardiac index, oxygen delivery indexed to body surface area, and St<jats:sc>o<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> were monitored.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014From baseline to hypovolemia T1, there was a significant reduction in mean \u00b1 SD oxygen delivery index (619 \u00b1 257 mL\/min\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> to 205 \u00b1 76 mL\/min\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) and StO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (94 \u00b1 4.4% to 78 \u00b1 12.2%). Following resuscitation, St<jats:sc>o<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (80 \u00b1 8.5% vs 92 \u00b1 6.45%) and oxygen delivery index (211 \u00b1 73 mL\/min\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> vs 717 \u00b1 221 mL\/min\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) significantly increased, returning to baseline values. Hypervolemia had no effect on St<jats:sc>o<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> or oxygen delivery index. A strong correlation (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.97) was detected between mean oxygen delivery index and St<jats:sc>o<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> across all time points.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Under the conditions of this study, there was a strong correlation between St<jats:sc>o<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and oxygen delivery, suggesting that St<jats:sc>o<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> may be used to estimate oxygen delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.75.1.48","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,26]],"date-time":"2013-12-26T17:22:47Z","timestamp":1388078567000},"page":"48-53","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Evaluation of tissue oxygen saturation with near-infrared spectroscopy during experimental acute hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Noah D.","family":"Pavlisko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Henao-Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria B.","family":"Killos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Ricco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre C.","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Bandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Werre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Chest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-0073","article-title":"Hemodynamic evaluation and monitoring in the ICU","volume":"132","author":"Pinsky","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Crit Care Clin","first-page":"1031","article-title":"The future. Monitoring cellular energetics","volume":"12","author":"Beilman","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Trauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199805000-00028","article-title":"In search of the optimal endpoints of resuscitation in trauma patients: a review","volume":"44","author":"Porter","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Crit Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199422100-00017","article-title":"Resuscitation of multiple trauma and head injury: role of crystalloid fluids and inotropes","volume":"22","author":"Scalea","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Crit Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199404000-00020","article-title":"Hemodynamic response to shock in young trauma patients: need for invasive monitoring","volume":"22","author":"Abou-Khalil","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Surgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2003.11.017","article-title":"Noninvasive muscle oxygenation to guide fluid resuscitation after traumatic shock","volume":"135","author":"Crookes","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Eur J Clin Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1979.tb00903.x","article-title":"Lactate elimination in man: effects of lactate concentration and hepatic dysfunction","volume":"9","author":"Woll","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Scand J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/145749690909800402","article-title":"Complications associated with pulmonary artery catheters: a comprehensive clinical review","volume":"98","author":"Evans","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Am Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480707301021","article-title":"The correlation of near-infrared spectroscopy with changes in oxygen delivery in a controlled model of altered perfusion","volume":"73","author":"Putnam","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Trauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200004000-00009","article-title":"Tissue hemoglobin O2 saturation during resuscitation of traumatic shock monitored using near infrared spectroscopy","volume":"48","author":"McKinley","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Trauma","first-page":"928","article-title":"Hemodynamic patterns preceding circulatory deterioration and death after trauma","volume":"62","author":"Chien","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Crit Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000185642.33586.9D","article-title":"Monitoring global volume-related hemodynamic or regional variables after initial resuscitation: what is a better predictor of outcome in critically ill septic patients?","volume":"33","author":"Poeze","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2008.00440.x","article-title":"Effect of morphine on the bispectral index during isoflurane anesthesia in dogs","volume":"36","author":"Henao-Guerrero","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Comp Med","first-page":"156","article-title":"Reference cardiopulmonary values in normal dogs","volume":"55","author":"Haskins","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Shock","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-199909000-00005","article-title":"Near-infrared spectroscopy measurement of regional tissue oxyhemoglobin saturation during hemorrhagic shock","volume":"12","author":"Beilman","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Crit Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199701000-00030","article-title":"Near-infrared spectroscopy: continuous measurement of cytochrome oxidation during hemorrhagic shock","volume":"25","author":"Rhee","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Tissue oxygen monitor"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"J Clin Monit Comput","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-005-1655-0","article-title":"Reliability of near-infrared spectroscopy in people with dark skin pigmentation","volume":"19","author":"Wassenaar","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Intensive Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0121-x","article-title":"Tissue-oxygenation assessment using near-infrared spectroscopy during severe sepsis: confounding effects of tissue edema on Sto2 values","volume":"32","author":"Poeze","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"J Biomed Opt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"034017","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1925250","article-title":"Noninvasive method for measuring local hemoglobin oxygen saturation in tissue using wide gap second derivative near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"10","author":"Myers","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2008.00369.x","article-title":"Measurement of tissue oxygen saturation levels using portable near-infrared spectroscopy in clinically healthy dogs","volume":"18","author":"Hall","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/75\/1\/ajvr.75.1.48.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/75\/1\/ajvr.75.1.48.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/75\/1\/ajvr.75.1.48.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:35:26Z","timestamp":1741350926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/75\/1\/ajvr.75.1.48.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.75.1.48","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}}}