{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T22:35:38Z","timestamp":1768257338714,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the prevalence of circumcaval ureters and other caudal vena cava variations in cats and determine whether circumcaval ureters were associated with macroscopic evidence of ureteral obstruction.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Sample<\/jats:bold>\u2014301 domestic cat cadavers obtained from an animal shelter.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014All cat cadavers were examined, and anatomic variations of the ureters and caudal vena cava were recorded. In cadavers with a circumcaval ureter, kidney length, width, and height were measured, and the ureters were examined macroscopically to determine whether there was gross evidence of ureteral obstruction in cats with circumcaval ureters.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014At least 1 circumcaval ureter was present in 106 of the 301 (35.2%) cats, with a right circumcaval ureter identified in 92 (30.6%) cats, a left circumcaval ureter identified in 4 (1.3%), and bilateral circumcaval ureters identified in 10 (3.3%). Twenty-one (7.0%) cats had a double caudal vena cava, including 2 cats in which the double caudal vena cava was the only anatomic abnormality identified. No sex predilection for anatomic abnormalities was found. Mean right kidney length was significantly greater than mean left kidney length in cats with a right circumcaval ureter.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Circumcaval ureter was present in approximately a third of cats in this study. Variation in the development of the caudal vena cava is the proposed cause. The clinical relevance of this variation is unknown.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.75.1.91","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,26]],"date-time":"2013-12-26T17:22:47Z","timestamp":1388078567000},"page":"91-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Prevalence of circumcaval ureters and double caudal vena cava in cats"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"R\u00e9gine","family":"B\u00e9langer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cindy L.","family":"Shmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Linn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Urology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.02.048","article-title":"Laparoscopic repair of circumcaval ureter: one-year follow-up of three patients and literature review","volume":"74","author":"Bagheri","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Int Urol Nephrol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014436432109","article-title":"Retrocaval ureter and associated abnormalities","volume":"33","author":"Perimenis","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Surg Radiol Anat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-003-0192-0","article-title":"Radiological evidence of anatomical variation of the inferior vena cava: report of two cases","volume":"26","author":"Artico","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Urology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(93)90596-3","article-title":"Nonobstructive right circumcaval ureter associated with double inferior vena cava","volume":"41","author":"Sener","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Abdom Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-005-0122-1","article-title":"Bilateral retrocaval ureters with IVC duplication","volume":"31","author":"Chou","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"European urology supplements 5","first-page":"449","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of the circumcaval ureter","author":"Salonia","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Kidney Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001660","article-title":"Retrocaval ureter","volume":"70","author":"Lee","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Adv Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-008-0040-z","article-title":"Type I and II circumcaval ureter in children: experience in three cases","volume":"25","author":"Basok","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Urology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(94)80023-5","article-title":"Laparoscopic surgical correction of circumcaval ureter","volume":"44","author":"Baba","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Atlas of feline anatomy for veterinarians","first-page":"171","author":"Hudson","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.3.389","article-title":"Circumcaval ureter associated with an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in a dog","volume":"228","author":"Doust","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2009.01621.x","article-title":"Imaging diagnosis\u2014left retrocaval ureter and transposition of the caudal vena cava in a dog","volume":"51","author":"Duconseille","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.159.1.24","article-title":"Retrocaval ureter in a cat","volume":"159","author":"Cornillie","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0679.x","article-title":"Feline ureteral strictures: 10 cases (2007\u20132009)","volume":"25","author":"Zaid","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Fundam Appl Toxicol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(86)90198-3","article-title":"Teratologic evaluation of dermally applied diethylene glycol monomethyl ether in rabbits","volume":"7","author":"Scortichini","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1999.tb00355.x","article-title":"Effect of reproductive status on feline renal size","volume":"40","author":"Shiroma","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Anat Histol Embryol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.2005.00625.x","article-title":"Prenatal development of the caudal vena cava in mammals: review of the different theories with special reference to the dog","volume":"34","author":"Cornillie","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Veterinary developmental anatomy: a clinically oriented approach","first-page":"188","author":"Latshaw","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.932","article-title":"Clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and ultrasonographic abnormalities in cats with ureteral calculi: 163 cases (1984\u20132002)","volume":"226","author":"Kyles","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Urol J","first-page":"175","article-title":"Retrocaval ureter: a study of 13 cases","volume":"3","author":"Yarmohammadi","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Pediatr Surg Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-003-1038-x","article-title":"Retrocaval ureter in children: a report of two cases","volume":"20","author":"Soundappan","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Product safety assessment: diethylene glycol monomethyl ether","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/75\/1\/ajvr.75.1.91.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/75\/1\/ajvr.75.1.91.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/75\/1\/ajvr.75.1.91.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:33:30Z","timestamp":1741350810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/75\/1\/ajvr.75.1.91.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.75.1.91","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}}}