{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T17:23:42Z","timestamp":1773681822447,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the gross morphology of the multifidus, longus colli, and longus thoracis muscles in the cervical and cranial thoracic portions of the equine vertebral column.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Sample<\/jats:bold>\u201415 horse cadavers.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014The vertebral column was removed intact from the first cervical vertebra (C1) to the seventh thoracic vertebra (T7). After removing the superficial musculature, detailed anatomic dissections of the multifidus, longus colli, and longus thoracis muscles were performed.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014The multifidus cervicis muscle consisted of 5 bundles\/level arranged in lateral, medial, and deep layers from C2 caudally into the thoracic portion of the vertebral column. Fibers in each bundle attached cranially to a spinous process then diverged laterally, attaching caudally on the dorsolateral edge of the vertebral lamina and blending into the joint capsule of an articular process articulation after crossing 1 to 4 intervertebral joints. The longus colli muscle had ventral, medial, and deep layers with 5 bundles\/level from C1 to C5 that attached cranially to the ventral surface of the vertebral body, diverged laterally and crossed 1 to 4 intervertebral joints, then attached onto a vertebral transverse process as far caudally as C6. The longus thoracis muscle consisted of a single, well-defined muscle belly from C6 to T5-T6, with intermediate muscular attachments onto the ventral aspects of the vertebral bodies, the intervertebral symphyses, and the craniomedial aspects of the costovertebral joint capsules.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results indicated that there were multiple, short bundles of the multifidus cervicis, multifidus thoracis, and longus colli muscles; this was consistent with a function of providing sagittal plane intersegmental vertebral column stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.75.5.433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]],"date-time":"2014-04-24T17:59:31Z","timestamp":1398362371000},"page":"433-440","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Gross anatomy of the deep perivertebral musculature in horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Nicole","family":"Rombach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narelle C.","family":"Stubbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilary M.","family":"Clayton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00005-5","article-title":"Inertial properties of Dutch Warmblood horses","volume":"30","author":"Buchner","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1989.tb02139.x","article-title":"Kinematics of the cervical spine of the adult horse","volume":"21","author":"Clayton","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1989.tb02141.x","article-title":"Cervical spinal kinematics: a comparison between foals and adult horses","volume":"21","author":"Clayton","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2004.04042.x","article-title":"Technique for equine cervical articular process joint injection","volume":"45","author":"Mattoon","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Exp Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3889","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.020578","article-title":"Stabilization and mobility of the head, neck and trunk in horses during overground locomotion: comparisons with humans and other primates","volume":"211","author":"Dunbar","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00114.x","article-title":"The 3-D anatomy of the cervical articular process joints in the horse and their topographical relationship to the spinal cord","volume":"42","author":"Claridge","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Morphol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1082","article-title":"Morphology, histochemistry, and function of epaxial cervical musculature in the horse (Equus caballus)","volume":"251","author":"Gellman","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"7","article-title":"The equine nuchal ligament 1: structure and material properties","volume":"15","author":"Gellman","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"1","article-title":"The equine nuchal ligament 2: passive dynamic energy exchange in locomotion","volume":"15","author":"Gellman","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Guide to the dissection of the horse","author":"Rooney","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Sisson and Grossman's the anatomy of the domestic animals","first-page":"255","article-title":"Equine osteology","author":"Getty","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"The anatomy of the domestic animals","first-page":"274","article-title":"The locomotor system of the domestic mammals","volume":"1","author":"Nickel","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary anatomy","author":"Dyce","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Equine Exerc Physiol","first-page":"146","article-title":"Neck muscles activity in horses during locomotion with and without a rider","volume":"3","author":"Tokuriki","year":"1991"},{"issue":"38","key":"ref15","series-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl","first-page":"455","article-title":"Electromyography activity of the equine splenius muscle and neck kinematics during walk and trot on the treadmill","author":"Zsoldos","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.86.4.1717","article-title":"Neck muscles in the rhesus monkey: I. 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