{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T21:09:11Z","timestamp":1775768951177,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To compare the 3-D motion of the pelvic limb among clinically normal dogs and dogs with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL)\u2013deficient stifle joints following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) or lateral fabellar\u2013tibial suture (LFS) stabilization by use of an inverse dynamics method.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u20146 clinically normal dogs and 19 dogs with CCL-deficient stifle joints that had undergone TPLO (n = 13) or LFS (6) stabilization at a mean of 4 and 8 years, respectively, prior to evaluation.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014For all dogs, an inverse dynamics method was used to describe the motion of the pelvic limbs in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes. Motion and energy patterns for the hip, stifle, and tibiotarsal (hock) joints in all 3 planes were compared among the 3 groups.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Compared with corresponding variables for clinically normal dogs, the hip joint was more extended at the beginning of the stance phase in the sagittal plane for dogs that had a TPLO performed and the maximum power across the stifle joint in the frontal plane was greater for dogs that had an LFS procedure performed. Otherwise, variables in all planes were similar among the 3 groups.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Gait characteristics of the pelvic limb did not differ between dogs that underwent TPLO and dogs that underwent an LFS procedure for CCL repair and were similar to those of clinically normal dogs. Both TPLO and LFS successfully provided long-term stabilization of CCL-deficient stifle joints of dogs with minimal alterations in gait.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.75.6.554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,27]],"date-time":"2014-05-27T11:41:21Z","timestamp":1401190881000},"page":"554-564","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Use of an inverse dynamics method to compare the three-dimensional motion of the pelvic limb among clinically normal dogs and dogs with cranial cruciate ligament\u2013deficient stifle joints following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy or lateral fabellar\u2013tibial suture stabilization"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Jason F.","family":"Headrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Songning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph P.","family":"Millard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barton W.","family":"Rohrbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph P.","family":"Weigel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darryl L.","family":"Millis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-07-04-0038","article-title":"Joint angle, moment and power compensations in dogs with fragmented medial coronoid process","volume":"21","author":"Burton","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Equine Vet J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04505.x","article-title":"Net joint moments and powers in the equine forelimb during the stance phase of the trot","volume":"30","author":"Clayton","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1617375","article-title":"Are sound dogs mechanically symmetric at trot? 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Avon)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2005.08.001","article-title":"The influence of gender on knee kinematics, kinetics and muscle activation patterns during side-step cutting","volume":"21","author":"Sigward","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-10-02-0028","article-title":"Early kinematic outcome after treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture by tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in the dog","volume":"24","author":"de Medeiros","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"120","article-title":"Kinematic evaluation of gait in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture","volume":"57","author":"DeCamp","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00672.x","article-title":"Comparison of kinematic variables in defining lameness caused by naturally occurring rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs","volume":"39","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Bustinduy","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.8.1293","article-title":"Effect of trotting velocity on work patterns of the hind limbs of Greyhounds","volume":"67","author":"Colborne","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2009.00628.x","article-title":"Comparison of short-and long-term function and radiographic osteoarthrosis in dogs after postoperative physical rehabilitation and tibial plateau leveling osteotomy or lateral fabellar suture stabilization","volume":"39","author":"Au","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Can J Vet Res","first-page":"175","article-title":"In vitro 3-dimensional kinematic evaluation of 2 corrective operations for cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle","volume":"71","author":"Chailleux","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.232","article-title":"Effect of surgical technique on limb function after surgery for rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs","volume":"226","author":"Conzemius","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2005.00021.x","article-title":"Long-term radiographic comparison of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy versus extracapsular stabilization for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the dog","volume":"34","author":"Lazar","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.10.1118","article-title":"Evaluation of a three-dimensional kinematic model for canine gait analysis","volume":"71","author":"Fu","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"J Orthop Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2004.01.008","article-title":"Kinematics of the ACL-deficient canine knee during gait: serial changes over two years","volume":"22","author":"Tashman","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)90034-5","article-title":"Three-dimensional kinematics of the intact and cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle of dogs","volume":"27","author":"Korvick","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"544","article-title":"Use of an inverse dynamics method to describe the motion of the canine pelvic limb in three dimensions","author":"Headrick","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(93)50082-7","article-title":"Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy for repair of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the canine","volume":"23","author":"Slocum","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950x.2004.04027.x","article-title":"Pre-and postoperative force plate analysis of dogs with experimentally transected cranial cruciate ligaments treated using tibial plateau leveling osteotomy","volume":"33","author":"Ballagas","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"389","article-title":"Use of force-plate analysis of gait to compare two surgical techniques for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs","volume":"57","author":"Jevens","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Am J Vet 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dogs","volume":"7","author":"Allen","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"627","article-title":"Kinematic gait analysis of the trot in healthy Greyhounds","volume":"54","author":"DeCamp","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"966","article-title":"Kinematic gait analysis in dogs with hip dysplasia","volume":"57","author":"Bennett","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"381","article-title":"Noninvasive kinematic analysis of the walk in healthy large-breed dogs","volume":"57","author":"Hottinger","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"680","article-title":"Kinematic gait analysis of hind limb symmetry in dogs at the trot","volume":"59","author":"Schaefer","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00666.x","article-title":"Comparison of canine stifle 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No, actually","volume":"21","author":"Colborne","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.3.336","article-title":"Symmetry of hind limb mechanics in orthopedically normal trotting Labrador Retrievers","volume":"72","author":"Colborne","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.1563","article-title":"Distribution of power across the hind limb joints in Labrador Retrievers and Greyhounds","volume":"66","author":"Colborne","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"609","article-title":"Forelimb joint moments and power during the walking stance phase of horses","volume":"59","author":"Colborne","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(91)90028-L","article-title":"Canine intersegmental hip joint forces and moments before and after cemented total hip replacement","volume":"24","author":"Dogan","year":"1991"},{"issue":"30","key":"ref8","series-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl","first-page":"235","article-title":"Forelimb kinematics and net joint moments during the swing phase of the trot","author":"Lanovaz","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00657.x","article-title":"Morphometric characteristics of the pelvic limb musculature of Labrador Retrievers with and without cranial cruciate ligament deficiency","volume":"39","author":"Mostafa","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.609","article-title":"Two-dimensional link-segment model of the forelimb of dogs at a walk","volume":"64","author":"Nielsen","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.9.1188","article-title":"Noninvasive determination of body segment parameters of the hind limb in Labrador Retrievers with and without cranial cruciate ligament disease","volume":"69","author":"Ragetly","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00680.x","article-title":"Inverse dynamics analysis of the pelvic limbs in Labrador Retrievers with and without cranial cruciate ligament disease","volume":"39","author":"Ragetly","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199810000-00003","article-title":"Gait biomechanics are not normal after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and accelerated rehabilitation","volume":"30","author":"DeVita","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, 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analysis","volume":"71","author":"Fu","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"J Orthop Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2004.01.008","article-title":"Kinematics of the ACL-deficient canine knee during gait: serial changes over two years","volume":"22","author":"Tashman","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)90034-5","article-title":"Three-dimensional kinematics of the intact and cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle of dogs","volume":"27","author":"Korvick","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"544","article-title":"Use of an inverse dynamics method to describe the motion of the canine pelvic limb in three dimensions","author":"Headrick","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim 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