{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:43:24Z","timestamp":1791287004631,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To compare antibody responses of horses naturally infected with West Nile virus (WNV) and those vaccinated against WNV, to identify whether vaccination interferes with the ability to diagnose WNV infection, and to determine the duration of antibody responses after vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>SAMPLE<\/jats:bold> Sera from horses naturally infected with WNV (n = 10) and adult WNV-na\u00efve horses before and after vaccination with a live canarypox virus\u2013vectored vaccine (7) or a killed virus vaccine (8).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>PROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> An established WNV IgM capture ELISA was used to measure IgM responses. Newly developed capture ELISAs were used to measure responses of 8 other WNV-specific immunoglobulin isotypes. A serum neutralization assay was used to determine anti-WNV antibody titers.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold> WNV-specific IgM responses were typically detected in the sera of WNV-infected horses but not in sera of horses vaccinated against WNV. Natural infection with and vaccination against WNV induced an immunoglobulin response that was primarily composed of IgG1. West Nile virus\u2013specific IgG1 was detected in the sera of most horses 14 days after vaccination. Serum anti-WNV IgG1 and neutralizing antibody responses induced by the killed-virus vaccines were higher and lasted longer than did those induced by the live canarypox virus\u2013vectored vaccine.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> On the basis of these findings, we recommend that horses be vaccinated against WNV annually near the beginning of mosquito season, that both IgM and IgG1 responses against WNV be measured to distinguish between natural infection and vaccination, and that a WNV IgG1 ELISA be used to monitor anti-WNV antibodies titers in vaccinated horses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.76.1.92","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,23]],"date-time":"2014-12-23T15:40:41Z","timestamp":1419349241000},"page":"92-100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["West Nile virus\u2013specific immunoglobulin isotype responses in vaccinated and infected horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Khatibzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carvel B.","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison E.","family":"Keggan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian A.","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy L","family":"Glaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward J.","family":"Dubovi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5448.2333","article-title":"Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States","volume":"286","author":"Lanciotti","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.71.969","article-title":"Antibody responses induced by experimental West Nile virus infection with or without previous immunization with inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine in horses","volume":"71","author":"Shirafuji","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Emerg Infect 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