{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:35:35Z","timestamp":1761896135704,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\nOBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold> To determine by use of an in vitro model the potential for translocating sufficient numbers of bacteria into a joint during arthrocentesis through cellulitic tissue to cause sepsis.<\/jats:p>\nSAMPLE<\/jats:bold> Culture media containing 4 concentrations of Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> and needles of 3 sizes.<\/jats:p>\nPROCEDURES<\/jats:bold> Needles (22, 20, and 19 gauge) were inserted through Mueller-Hinton agar that contained known concentrations of S aureus<\/jats:italic> (103<\/jats:sup>,104<\/jats:sup>,105<\/jats:sup>, and 106<\/jats:sup> CFUs\/mL). After a needle exited through the medium, any agar plug within the needle bore was ejected into a sterile syringe and the contaminated portion of the needle was harvested. Sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution was used to emulsify the agar plug and wash the contaminated portion of the needle. The resulting solution was cultured to determine the number of bacterial CFUs that could be deposited into a joint during arthrocentesis through contaminated tissue.<\/jats:p>\nRESULTS<\/jats:bold> Needle gauge and bacterial concentration were both associated with the number of bacterial CFUs deposited after insertion through contaminated agar. Although all needle sizes were capable of bacterial translocation sufficient to cause septic arthritis, ORs for 20- and 22-gauge needles translocating > 33 CFUs of S aureus<\/jats:italic> were significantly higher than the OR for a 19-gauge needle. The ORs for 20- or 22-gauge needles translocating > 33 CFUs of S aureus<\/jats:italic> (the minimum population of S aureus<\/jats:italic> known to cause joint sepsis) were 0.22.<\/jats:p>\nCONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:bold> Results for this in vitro model indicated that caution should be used when performing arthrocentesis through cellulitic tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.76.10.877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,28]],"date-time":"2015-09-28T14:50:52Z","timestamp":1443451852000},"page":"877-881","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["In vitro assessment of bacterial translocation during needle insertion through inoculated culture media as a model of arthrocentesis through cellulitic tissue"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Travis T.","family":"Smyth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Chirino-Trejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James L.","family":"Carmalt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Cellulitis","first-page":"904","volume":"350","author":"Swartz","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Retrospective study of the clinical features of limb cellulitis in 63 horses","first-page":"233","volume":"162","author":"Fjordbakk","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"A retrospective study of 192 horses affected with septic arthritis tenosynovitis","first-page":"436","volume":"24","author":"Schneider","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Endoscopic surgery in the treatment of contaminated and infected synovial 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before and after 4 methods of preparation in horses with and without evidence of skin contamination","first-page":"525","volume":"33","author":"Zubrod","year":"2004"},{"year":"2012","series-title":"Model-building strategies","author":"Dohoo","key":"ref15"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Effect of needle brand, needle bevel grind, and silicone lubrication on contamination of joints with tissue and hair debris after arthrocentesis","first-page":"1","volume":"43","author":"Waxman","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Evaluation of skin bacterial flora before and after aseptic preparation of clipped and nonclipped arthrocentesis sites in horses","first-page":"121","volume":"26","author":"Hague","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Contamination of joints with tissue debris and hair after arthrocentesis: the effect of needle insertion angle, spinal needle gauge, and insertion of spinal needles with and without a stylet","first-page":"391","volume":"41","author":"Wahl","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Skin bacteria and skin disinfection reconsidered","first-page":"136","volume":"15","author":"Selwyn","year":"1972"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/76\/10\/ajvr.76.10.877.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/76\/10\/ajvr.76.10.877.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/76\/10\/ajvr.76.10.877.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:36:55Z","timestamp":1741351015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/76\/10\/ajvr.76.10.877.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.76.10.877","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}}}